Term
| Immunoglobulins and T-cells |
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Definition
| highly variable recognition molecules of adaptive immunity |
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| B-cell receptor expressed on the surface of the cell |
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secreted forms of immunoglobulins
(secreted by activated/effector B-cells-->plasma cells) |
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| expressed on the surface of T-cells |
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Definition
| any molecule (protein, carb....) or particle that contains a structure recognized by an Ig or TCR |
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| portion of the antigen that is recognized and bound by the Ig or TCR |
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| Y-shaped molecule, 2 identical H chains, 2 identical L chains |
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| Formed from an alpha and beta chain |
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| C-terminus of Ig H and L chains and the TCR alpha and beta chains |
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| generation of the diversity of immunogloblulins and T-cell receptors |
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| the DNA as it is present in the sperm or egg |
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Definition
portions of a gene
( V regions are encoded here on separate series) |
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Definition
enzyme-catalyzed process of recombination brings segments of DNA together, cuts the DNA, and pastes it back together so the DNA can be transcribed and translated
(occurs on Ig genes in B-cells and TCR in T-cells) |
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Definition
| process of gene rearrangements in B- and T-cells because it occurs in the soma or body cells rather than in sperm or egg |
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Definition
| addition of nucleotides by the enzymes that cut and past DNA back together |
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Definition
| the mixing and matching of different gene segments in gene rearrangement |
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| Combinatorial diversity (isotype switching) |
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Definition
| the pairing of different H and L chains in Igs and different alpha and beta chains of TCR |
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Definition
| introduces nucleotide substitutions in H and L chains |
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| the result of somatic hypermutation of the rearranged immunoglobulin region and the consequent selection of mutated B cells that make antigen receptors of higher affinity for their antigen |
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| Clonal selection of B & T lymphocytes |
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Definition
| the guiding principle of the adaptive immune response |
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| the process where particular clones of B- or T-cells are selected to expand, to die, or to become inactive |
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| B- or T-cells are selected to expand or proliferate |
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| adaptive immune response that is activated/stimulated when someone first encounters a pathogen that has overcome the innate immune response |
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| response initiated in the secondary lymphoid tissues by antigen-bearing dendritic cells and T cells |
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Definition
| one of the most important cells for initiating an adaptive immune response |
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| small portion of the native T-cell population that will recognize the antigen that is presented and stimulated by DCs |
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| essential first step in most adaptive immune responses |
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| recognize degraded fragments of pathogen proteins |
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| process of producing antigenic peptides |
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| recognize peptide antigens bound to human cell-surface molecules |
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| Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
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Definition
| a molecule that binds to antigenic peptides |
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Definition
| cells that use MHC molecules to present antigen to T cells |
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| Allelic variation/polymorphism |
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Definition
| highly variable between alleles |
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Definition
| bind peptides from intracellular pathogens |
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Definition
| bind MHC class I molecules, kill the infected cell |
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Definition
| bind peptides from extracellular pathogens |
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Definition
| co-receptor molecule that binds to MHC class I |
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Definition
| bind to MHC class II molecules |
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Definition
| co-receptor that binds to the MHC class II molecule |
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| Professional antigen presenting cells |
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Definition
primary cells that express MHC class II molecules
(B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells) |
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Definition
| only known pathogen that has to infect a cell to replicate and survive |
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| help B-cells become antibody-producing plasma cells |
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| primary purpose is to secrete antibody |
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| epitope that is formed by protein folding, tertiary and quaternary structure |
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| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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| internalization of extracellular material that is bound to a receptor at the cell surface |
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| extracellular pathogens and their toxins are eliminated by... |
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| immune response due to the actions of antibodies |
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| classes of antibodies/immunoglobulins |
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| surface Igs on B-cells that have encountered antigens |
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| antibody binding of a pathogen, inhibiting the pathogen from replicating or interacting with cells (ex: tetnus) |
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| antibody coating of a pathogen, enhancing phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils |
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Definition
| introducing nucleotide substitutions throughout the variable region of the rearranged immunoglobluin heavy and light chain genes |
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Definition
| isoptype of the Ig is changed from IgM |
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| consequence of clonal expansions |
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| makes T-cells and B-cells tolerant of self and responsive to pathogens |
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| process occurring in the thymus during T-cell development that selects immature T cells with receptors recognizing peptide antigens presented by self MHC molecules |
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Definition
| process in thymus whereby developing T cells that recognize self antigens are induce to die by apoptosis |
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