Term
| Each antibody molecule has two identical ____ chains and ____ chains |
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Definition
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Term
| Each of the heavy and light chains have what kind regions? |
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Definition
| Variable and constant regions |
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Term
| What is the variable region for? |
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Definition
| determines the antigen binding specificty of the antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| defines how antibody will interact with various immune cells to dispose of antigen once it is bound |
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Term
| the variable regions of heavy and light chains combine to form |
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Definition
| an antigen binding site, so that both chains contribute to the antigen binding specificity of the antibody molecule |
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Term
| The T cell receptor is composed of x chains of ___ size, its chains are called __ and __ chains, and what do they span? |
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Definition
| 2 chains, equal size, alpha n beta, span t-cell membrane |
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Term
| Describe an alpha or beta chain in T cell |
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Definition
| each chain as a variable region and constant region, and the combo of variable regions of the alpha n beta chains create a single site for binding antigen |
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Term
| T cell receptor's binding does what? |
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Definition
| signals to the T cell which sets of a cascade of signals and actions |
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Term
| What is the difference between epitotes and antigens? |
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Definition
| antigens are the molecules recognized by the immune response, while epitotes are sites within antigens to which antigen receptors bind |
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Term
| do t-cell receptors directly recognize native antigens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mechanism for T-cell antigen recognition |
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Definition
| recognize antigens that have be processed, partly degraded, and displayed as peptides bound to proteins on the surface of APC's, specifically antigen-derived peptides bound to cell-surface glycoproteins called MHC molecules |
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Term
| Afferent lymphatic vessels drain fluid from the tissues and carry pathogens and APCS to the lymph nodes. Chemokines attract lymphocytes from the blood, these enter lymph nodes by squeezing through the walls of specialized blood vessels called |
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Definition
| high endothelial venules - HEC |
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Term
| What kind of cells are localized in follicles? |
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Definition
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Term
| T cells are diffused over what region outside the cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| The lymphocytes that surround the arterioles that go through the spleen compose an area called |
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Definition
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Term
| the sheathes of lymphocytes around an arteriole are called |
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Definition
| PALS and they contain many T cells |
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Term
| marginal zones are rich in.. |
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Definition
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Term
| In Peyer's patches, antigens are captured by.. |
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Definition
| M cells aka microfold cells |
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Term
| Class 2/ MHC cells aka CD4 B cells can differentiate into |
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Definition
| TH1, TH2, TH17, and follicular helper T cells, or TFH cells |
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Term
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Definition
| help to control certain bacteria that are in vesicles inside macrophages and increase the killing power |
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Term
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Definition
| promoting responses at mucousal surfaces and in response to parasitic infections, also for allergic responses, and production of IgE |
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Term
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Definition
| collect peptides derived from proteins synthesized in the cytosol and are thus able to display fragments of viral proteins on the cell surface. |
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Term
| describe MHC class 2 molecules |
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Definition
| APCs like dendritic cells, macrophages, and b cells, and bind peptides derived largely from proteins in intracellular vesicles. these encompass proteins taken up by phagocytosis, proteins derived from pathogens living within macrophage vesicles, or proteins internalized by b cells by endocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| controlled acceptance or rejection of transplanted tissues |
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Term
| Complement activation has 3 pathways. describe them |
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Definition
| classical, lectin, and alternative. classical is antibody triggered, alternative is activation via the pathogen, and lectin which is activated bylectin-type proteins that recognize and bind sugars/carbs onto pathogen surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| initiated by soluble carbohydrate binding proteins - mannose binding lectin- that bind to particular carbohydrate structures on microbial surfaces. proteases associated with these recognition proteins then trigger cleavage of complement proteins which activates the pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| when C1q combines with C1r and C1s, aka C1 either recognizes a microbial surface directly or binds to antibodies already bound to the pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrolysis and activation of C3 which then binds directly to microbial surfaces |
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Term
| for all three pathways, when interaction with the pathogen occurs, c3 convertase is generated. c3 convertase is bound to the pathogen surface, where it cleaves c3 to generate large amounts of c3b(the main effector molecule of complement system), and c3a(helps induce inflammation). c3b binds covalently to the microbial surface and enables phagocytes that carry receptors for complement to take up and destroy the c3b coated microbe. c3b can also bind to c3 convertase and make c5 convertase which cleaves c5 liberating highly inflammatory c5a and generating c5b.c5b initiates further complement activation |
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Definition
| where complement proteins interact with c5b to form membrane-attack complex(MAC) on the pathogen surface, creating a pore in the cell membrane that leads to cell lysis |
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Definition
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Definition
| mannose binding lectin, MASP-2 |
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Definition
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Definition
| when mannose binding lectin binds to a pathogen surface and MASP 1 and 2 bind to it, MASP2 undergoes structural change that enables it to cleave and activate a second masp2 which binds to the same mbl complex. activated masp2 then cleaves complement components c4 and c2. c4a exposes thioester bond to c3b n then c4b covalently bonds to c2 which is cleaved by masp2 to c2a thus the c4b2a is formed, which is the c3 convertase of the pathway. c3 convertase cleaves many c3s so that the c3b's covalently bind to the pathogen surface |
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Definition
| mycobacteria, bacteria, fungi |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| TLR domains are in their cytoplasmic tails which all interact with each other |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are TLR 1,2, and 6 found |
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Definition
| on cell surface receptors of b cells and granulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| activates vascular endothelium, activates lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| activates endothelium, leads to increased entry of IgG |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphocyte activation, increased antibody produciton |
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Term
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Definition
| activates NK cells, induces CD4 T cells into TH1 cells |
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