Term
| What are the natural protective systems of the body? |
|
Definition
| skin, tears, saliva, sweat, stomach acid, coughing, sneezing |
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Term
| What is the vascular response to inflammatory? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vascular response to injured cells? |
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Definition
| The injured cells release histamine causing vasodilation (hyperemia, redness, heat) increasing filtration pressure (capillary permeability). |
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Term
| When edema with serous fluid (swelling, pain) is a defense response, what is it actually doing? |
|
Definition
| Holding onto the invader from moving throughout the body's system |
|
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Term
| What is plasma protein's (albumin, fibrinogen) role in immune response? |
|
Definition
| leaves the blood, fibrin clot which traps bacteria. |
|
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Term
| What are the plasma protiens that respond to antigens? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the defense response of neutrophils? |
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Definition
| They migrate to the site of injury 6-12 hrs and last for about 24-48 hours. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Immature neutrophils that shift to the left. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mature neutrophils (phagocytosis), then die resulting in purulent tissue. |
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Term
| What is the Monocytes role in immunity? |
|
Definition
| (In blood phagocytosis) migrate 3-7 days...macrophages (in tissue, present antigens to lymphocytes) cleaning crew that stay for weeks |
|
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Term
| What is the granuloma role in immunity defense? |
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Definition
| (fusion of macrophages): giant sell formation (to fight things like TB) walling off infection. |
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|
Term
| What is the role of Eosinophils in the immunity defense? |
|
Definition
| Arrive in response to an allergic reaction. |
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|
Term
| What is the role of Basophils in the immunity defense? |
|
Definition
| They carry histamine and heparin and release during inflammation, which leads to caustic lysis...leading to surface layer of cell destruction. |
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|
Term
| These come from the phospholipic cell layer, various functions; potent vasodialators, increases blood flow, pain or heat. Centrally hypothalamus responds to increased thermostat, causing epinephrine release from the renal medulla. Increased metabolic rate (HR O2). |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What drugs inhibit prostaglandins? |
|
Definition
| ASA, NSAIDS, corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| What does Thromboxane do? |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction and helps with clot formation. |
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|
Term
| Where are prostaglandins found? |
|
Definition
| On the outside of every cell |
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|
Term
| If you have RH you might take an increase of ASA in order to |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What affect to leukotriens have? |
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Definition
| Metabolism of complement system which leads to their production. Is a cytokine that causes constriction of bronchioles, increased capillary permeability, and airway edema. |
|
|
Term
| What is released in an asthma pt? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are involved in Humoral Immunity? |
|
Definition
| B lymphocytes, IgA, IgD,IgE, IgG, IgM, Memory B cells, complements (c1-c9), and second response. |
|
|
Term
| What do B lymphocytes do in Humoral Immunity? |
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Definition
| they are sensitive to antigens on invaders. They differentiate into plasma cells which produce specific antibodies 4-8 days into general circulation. |
|
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Term
| What is the role of IgA in Humoral Immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is IgD role in Humoral Immunity? |
|
Definition
| It is for lymphocyte differentiation. GROW UP LYMPHOCYTE and be your purpose!! |
|
|
Term
| What is IgE role in Humoral Immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is IgG response in Humoral Immunity? |
|
Definition
| It fights extravascular parasites |
|
|
Term
| What is IgM role in Humoral Immunity? |
|
Definition
| It fights against intravascular bacteria. |
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|
Term
| What is the role of memory B cells? |
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Definition
| They remember the antigen so they can fight against it later if needed. |
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|
Term
| What is the c1-c9 role in humoral immunity? |
|
Definition
| enzyme action lysis, or histamine release. |
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|
Term
| When does the second response occur in humoral immunity? |
|
Definition
| response faster 1-3 days antigen attack |
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|
Term
| What detects antigen markers? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Specific Defense complement system |
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Definition
| Cells have specific markers on the surface unique to the individual major histocompatibility complex (do tissues match). |
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Term
| What was first identified on leukocytes but it was later discovered that all cells have them? |
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Definition
| HLAs (human leukocyte antigens) |
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|
Term
| In plasma, this fix the complement chemical chemotaxsis, an enzyme cascade when activated, increased phagocytosis, increase vascular permeability, and increase lysis = cell distruction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specific markers on the surface of cells that are unique to the individual major histocompatibility complex. |
|
|
Term
| complement chemical chemotaxsis |
|
Definition
| an enzyme cascade when activated, increases phagocytosis by increasing vascular permeability and it increases lysis. |
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|
Term
Cell Mediated lymphocytes (T-Cells)
or also called (cluster designations- CD) |
|
Definition
| live a few months-life. They provide immunity to intracellular virus tumor fungus (T Cytotocic and T-Helper cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of cell mediated lymphocyte. Some attack antigens and some hold memory. |
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Term
|
Definition
| produce cytokines (chemical messages). Some stimulate phygocytosis, attack parasites, and some attack allergies. It is here where HIV invades. |
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Term
| Cell mediated attack T-Helper (Cytokines) |
|
Definition
| act as chemical messengers between cells and are secreted by T-Cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a Lymphokines (cell mediated T-Helper) that is secreted by lymphocytes. Prevent new viruses from being assembled. |
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|
Term
| Monokines that are secreted by monocytes... |
|
Definition
| instruct cells to differentiate, proliferate, secrete, or activate. |
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|
Term
| What type of cell might be given to a cancer patient to help boost their immune system? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| colony stimulating factor to kill tumor cells resulting in necrosis factor, increase fever, increase metabolic rate. All in effort to boost your own immune system. |
|
|
Term
| What type of T-Helper helps you boost your own immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell mediated T-Helper cell that causes bronchoconstriction as part of an allergic response to an allergens. You might want this reaction in patients with certain health issues. |
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Term
|
Definition
Cells NOT a killer B or T, not humoral or cellular immunity.
- are lymphocytes with numerous granules.
-Kills viruses and tumors |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells will kill transplant tissue and what will have to be implemented for prevention of tissue death? |
|
Definition
Natural Killer Cells.
-patient will need to take an immune suppressant drug. |
|
|
Term
| What are the properties of Immunity? |
|
Definition
~self-recognition--know thyself (no auto immunity to self)
~Self-limitation--When the antigen is gone stimulus stops.
~Memory-remember the antigen
~Specific antibody--created to fight the next fight.
~Specialization-response reaction to different antigens--specific to each one. |
|
|
Term
| passively acquired immunity |
|
Definition
| passed down from the mother |
|
|
Term
| Passively acquired immunity |
|
Definition
| Immunity acquired artificially from an animal gammaglobulin. Helps boost your immunity. |
|
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Term
| Natural active acquired immunity |
|
Definition
| due to contact (illness) with antigen such as chicken pox, measles. Your body makes and antibody as a result of contracting the disease so you will not contract it again when exposed. |
|
|
Term
| Artificial active acquired |
|
Definition
| Immunization vaccines. Scientist takes it from an animal, you never contract the illness. |
|
|
Term
| HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
|
Definition
| Transmitted in blood, blood products, body fluids-seen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, perinatal transmission (If natural birth) |
|
|
Term
| How many people are infected with HIV in US, how many worldwide-2012? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long after being exposed to HIV can you transmit it to someone else? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ability to transmit HIV continues for how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RNA (Ribonucleic acid)virus |
|
Definition
| An (HIV) retrovirus because the replicates in a "backward" manner (going from RNA to DNA). In essence, all future cells will be infected. Discovered in 1983 |
|
|
Term
| with HIV what is the immune response? |
|
Definition
B-cells -humoral antibody development and ....
T-Cells, cellular immune response CD4, CD8 |
|
|
Term
| In adults without immune dysfunction the CD4 cells usually have a count of.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The normal life span of a CD4 cell is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In HIV-infected CD4 cells, they live how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV destroys how many CD4 cells/day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How will a patient with HIV appear if their CD4 cell count is 500-600? |
|
Definition
| Will still appear to be healthy |
|
|
Term
| What role does lymph tissue play in HIV virus? |
|
Definition
| Becomes a reservoir and then spreads out throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| How long after being exposed to HIV does it take to become positive on a test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different diagnostic test for HIV? |
|
Definition
Standard 1day-1 week, blood or oral swab
Rapid HIV done in office (20 minutes), positives are confirmed with western blot test.
EIA Enyme immunoassay sensitive to serum antibodies (2nd test).
Western blot confirming test immunoflorescent test (gold standard). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (2-5 weeks) malaise, headache, low grade fever, sore throat, swollen glands, nausea, disappears, may have joint pain, rash, diarrhea, neuro effects like neuropathy |
|
|
Term
| Asymptomatic HIV infection |
|
Definition
| (8 yrs) may have night sweats, diarrhea, fatigue, headache, low grade fever, swollen lymph nodes. |
|
|
Term
| Symptomatic HIV infection |
|
Definition
| diarrhea, night sweats, candida (90%), thrush, herpes, shingles, untreated symptoms (2years) |
|
|
Term
| If untreated during the Symptomatic and Asymptomatic HI infection period what will happen? |
|
Definition
| Will have had AIDS, CD4 will drop to 200-300 and CD8 will remain within normal range of 400-600 |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range of CD4? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range of CD*? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CDC criteria for calling HIV AIDS? |
|
Definition
* CD4 <200
* Opportunistic infection: fungal (candida, pneumocyctic carinii), viral (CMV), protozoa infection, bacterial (TB, pneumonia, salmonella).
* Wasting
* Dementia with no other known cause |
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of treatment for HIV? |
|
Definition
* Decrease HIV viral load. RNA <50microliter
* Increase CD4>200
* previously delayed Treatment until symptome, now offer treat right away.
* drugs (3) that inhibit reproduction of virus in early and late phases
* Antiviral therapy can reduce viral load by 90-99% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A drug that works inside the neucli to reverse transcriptase inhibitors DNA chain..blocking AZT, ZDV, and retrovirus in HIV. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, blocking RNA to DNA Virus outside of neucli in HIV. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reverse transcriptase inhibitors, blocks enzyme Rescriptor, Viramune in HIV. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Not given alone) inhibitors Fortovase, Norir, blocks protein length used in combination or resistance develops in HIV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks HIV genetic material Isentress in HIV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fusion inhibitors prevents HIV into the new cell (FUZEON) |
|
|
Term
| What are the nursing interventions for a person diagnosed with HIV? |
|
Definition
*Patient education to avoid risk; CDC recommends condoms to be worn for a lifetime.
* Protect others after diagnosis healthcare and partners
* Counseling and testing
* Early intervention with medication
* Coping depression, powerlessness
* Terminal Care Hospice |
|
|
Term
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
|
Definition
* A chronic multi-system inflammatory disease of the immune system in which there is no cure.
* Connective tissue and fibrin deposits in blood vessels, lymph nodes, GI and pleura leading to necrosis.
* Cause is unknown-related to multiple genes, onset or exacerbation related to hormone levels, infections, sun exposure.
* Autoimmune hyperactivity reaction related to both T and B cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the S&S of Lupus? |
|
Definition
fever
weight loss
painin joints
mild to rapidly progressing
can affect any organ
increased susceptibility to infection |
|
|
Term
| What percent of Lupus patients have a butterfly rash? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of lupus patients have Oral pharyngeal S&S? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of lupus patients have Arthritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of lupus patients have Nephritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of lupus patients have CNS affects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anti-double stranded DNA and anti-Smith |
|
|
Term
| What is the nursing plan for lupus patients? |
|
Definition
| pain relief, monitor anti-DNA levels, and monitor for organ damage especial nephritis because it happens early. |
|
|
Term
| What are the drug therapy's for lupus? |
|
Definition
| NSAIDS, steroids with tapering, Antimalarials hydroxychloroqine (plaquenil), immunosuppressants azathioprine (Imuran), or methotrexate clophosphamide (Cytoxan). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like a chemical burn to the outer layer of your skin |
|
|
Term
| positive HIV is diagnosed with what kind of test? |
|
Definition
|
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