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Immunology
.
56
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
02/11/2014

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Cards

Term
In what time frame does innate immunity happen?
Definition
- minutes to hours
Term
What are the major components of the innate immune system?
Definition
- barriers
- phagocytes
- patter recognition molecules
Term
In what time frame does adaptive immunity happen?
Definition
- days!
Term
What kind of response comes from the adaptive immune system?
Definition
- more rapid and effective response on subsequent exposure
Term
What are the major components of the adaptive immune system?
Definition
- mediated by T and B cells
- antigen specific receptors
- antibodies
Term
What is the hallmark of the adaptive immune system?
Definition
MEMORY
Term
What the main mechanisms of the innate immune system?
Definition
- mechanical
- soluble/chemical
- biological
- cellular
Term
What are the anatomical barriers?
Definition
- antimicrobial peptides
- enzymes
- acidic pH
- normal flora
- mechanical (i.e cilia, coughing, sneezing)
Term
What is the function of a lysozyme?
Definition
- cleaves membrane wall and causes cell to lyse
Term
What is the function of a surfactant protein?
Definition
- block bacterial surface components
- promotes phagocytosis
Term
What is the function of antimicrobial peptides?
Definition
- interact with lipid bilayers
Term
What is the acute phase response?
Definition
- proinflammatory cytokines act on the liver to produce acute phase proteins
- act on brain causing sickness behaviour
- proteins bind to pathogens to mark them for clearance and destruction
Term
What is phagocytosis?
Definition
- engulfment and internalization of materials for clearance and destruction
Term
What are the steps of phagocytosis?
Definition
1. bacterium becomes attached to membrane evaginations
2. bacterium is ingested, forming phagosome
3. phagosome fuses with lysosome
4. bacterium is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes
5. digestion products are released from cell
Term
How are microbes recognized on phagocytes?
Definition
- receptors
Term
What does PAMP stand for?
Definition
- pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Term
What is the function of pattern recognition receptors?
Definition
- recognize PAMPS and DAMPS to initiate innate response
Term
What is the function of neutrophils?
Definition
- direct harm to pathogens by phagocytosis
- activation of bactericidal mechanisms
Term
What is the function of mast cells?
Definition
- inflammation
- allergy
- non-phagocytic
Term
What is the function of eosinophils?
Definition
- killing of antibody coated parasites
- antiviral and antiparasitic activity
Term
What is the function of monocytes?
Definition
- migrate into tissues then activated
- can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
Term
What is function of macrophages?
Definition
- phagocytosis
- activation of bactericidal mechanisms
** antigen presentation!!
Term
What is the activated function of dendritic cells?
Definition
- antigen uptake in peripheral sites
- antigen presentation
Term
What is the function of natural killer cells (NKC)
Definition
- release granules that kill some virus-infected cells
Term
What are the main cells of the adaptive immune system?
Definition
LYMPHOCYTES
Term
What are the main phagocytic cells of the immune system?
Definition
- neutrophils
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
- B lymphocytes
Term
What is the MAC?
Definition
- membrane attack complex
Term
What is the complement system?
Definition
- group of serum proteins circulating in inactive form
- has multiple possible outcomes once activated
- essentially, breaks down something marked for destruction
Term
What are the possible terminations of the complement system?
Definition
- inflammation
- opsomization
- cell lysis
Term
What are the three activation pathways of the complement system?
Definition
- classical
- lectin
- alternative
Term
What are the classes of pathogens the immune system protects against?
Definition
- extracellular bacteria, parasites, fungi
- intracellular bacteria, parasites
- inrtacellular viruses
- extracellular parasitic viruses
Term
What are the lymphocyte antigen recognition molecules?
Definition
- B cells = soluble or membrane bound
- T cells = membrane bound T cell receptor (TCR)
Term
What are antigen presenting cells? (APC)
Definition
- cells that process antigens and present antigenic peptides on cell surface
- include macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells
Term
How are naive T cells activated?
Definition
- by APCs to differentiate and become effector cells
Term
What is the fate of activated CD8+ T cells
Definition
- become killer T cells
Term
What is the fate of activated CD4+ T cells?
Definition
- differentiate into several different subsets
Term
How does antigen specific recognition work?
Definition
- antibody can bind an antigen directly
- T cell receptors require antigen to be presented in context of self molecule
Term
What is the major histocompatibility complex? (MHC)
Definition
- group of genes encoding cell-surface molecules that are required for antigen presentation to T cells
Term
What is antigen processing?
Definition
- cellular pathways that lead to antigen degradation and association with MHC
Term
What is antigen presentation?
Definition
- appearance of MHC-peptide complexes on surface for recognition by T cells
Term
What is the role of the MHC class 1?
Definition
- presents intracellular antigen peptides
- presents to CD8+ T cells
- checking that cells are self and healthy
Term
What is the role of the MHC class 2?
Definition
- presents extracellular antigen peptides
- presents to CD4+ T cells
Term
What is clonal expansion?
Definition
- when cells create clones of themselves that can recognize the same receptor
Term
What are the two arms of adaptive immunity?
Definition
- cellular mediated
- antibody mediated
Term
In antibody-mediated adaptive immunity, what molecules eliminate pathogens?
Definition
- specific antibodies
- by variety of mechanisms
Term
In cell-mediated adaptive immunity, what molecules eliminate pathogens?
Definition
- cytotoxic T cells
- NK cells
- by variety of mechanisms
Term
What is the goal of vaccination?
Definition
- to stimulate the immune system to develop and adaptive response and protective immunity
Term
What is passive immunization?
Definition
- delivery of performed antibody
Term
What is active immunization?
Definition
- induce immunity and memory
- live vaccines
- heat killed
- DNA
- recombinant vector
Term
What is IgG?
Definition
- principal immunoglobulin in serum
- enhance phagocytosis
- marks cells for the ADCC with NK cells
Term
What is IgM?
Definition
- first Ig produced in response to antigen
Term
What is IgA?
Definition
- major isotope in secretions
- binds to toxins and doesn't let them bind to anything else
Term
What is IgE?
Definition
- attached to surface of mast cells
- degranulation of eosinophils/basophils
Term
What is IgD?
Definition
- receptor on naive B cells
Term
What are the two types of B cell antigens?
Definition
- T-independent Ag
- T-dependent Ag
Term
What is the missing self model?
Definition
- normal cells have an activating receptor on NK cells AND an inhibitory receptor
- viruses can inhibit MHC expression to evade detection and elimination by CTLs
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