Term
| In what time frame does innate immunity happen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major components of the innate immune system? |
|
Definition
- barriers
- phagocytes
- patter recognition molecules |
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Term
| In what time frame does adaptive immunity happen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of response comes from the adaptive immune system? |
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Definition
| - more rapid and effective response on subsequent exposure |
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Term
| What are the major components of the adaptive immune system? |
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Definition
- mediated by T and B cells
- antigen specific receptors
- antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What is the hallmark of the adaptive immune system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What the main mechanisms of the innate immune system? |
|
Definition
- mechanical
- soluble/chemical
- biological
- cellular |
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|
Term
| What are the anatomical barriers? |
|
Definition
- antimicrobial peptides
- enzymes
- acidic pH
- normal flora
- mechanical (i.e cilia, coughing, sneezing) |
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Term
| What is the function of a lysozyme? |
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Definition
| - cleaves membrane wall and causes cell to lyse |
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Term
| What is the function of a surfactant protein? |
|
Definition
- block bacterial surface components
- promotes phagocytosis |
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|
Term
| What is the function of antimicrobial peptides? |
|
Definition
| - interact with lipid bilayers |
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Term
| What is the acute phase response? |
|
Definition
- proinflammatory cytokines act on the liver to produce acute phase proteins
- act on brain causing sickness behaviour
- proteins bind to pathogens to mark them for clearance and destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| - engulfment and internalization of materials for clearance and destruction |
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Term
| What are the steps of phagocytosis? |
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Definition
1. bacterium becomes attached to membrane evaginations
2. bacterium is ingested, forming phagosome
3. phagosome fuses with lysosome
4. bacterium is killed and digested by lysosomal enzymes
5. digestion products are released from cell |
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Term
| How are microbes recognized on phagocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does PAMP stand for? |
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Definition
| - pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
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Term
| What is the function of pattern recognition receptors? |
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Definition
| - recognize PAMPS and DAMPS to initiate innate response |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of neutrophils? |
|
Definition
- direct harm to pathogens by phagocytosis
- activation of bactericidal mechanisms |
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|
Term
| What is the function of mast cells? |
|
Definition
- inflammation
- allergy
- non-phagocytic |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of eosinophils? |
|
Definition
- killing of antibody coated parasites
- antiviral and antiparasitic activity |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of monocytes? |
|
Definition
- migrate into tissues then activated
- can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| What is function of macrophages? |
|
Definition
- phagocytosis
- activation of bactericidal mechanisms
** antigen presentation!! |
|
|
Term
| What is the activated function of dendritic cells? |
|
Definition
- antigen uptake in peripheral sites
- antigen presentation |
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|
Term
| What is the function of natural killer cells (NKC) |
|
Definition
| - release granules that kill some virus-infected cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the main cells of the adaptive immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main phagocytic cells of the immune system? |
|
Definition
- neutrophils
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
- B lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - membrane attack complex |
|
|
Term
| What is the complement system? |
|
Definition
- group of serum proteins circulating in inactive form
- has multiple possible outcomes once activated
- essentially, breaks down something marked for destruction |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible terminations of the complement system? |
|
Definition
- inflammation
- opsomization
- cell lysis |
|
|
Term
| What are the three activation pathways of the complement system? |
|
Definition
- classical
- lectin
- alternative |
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|
Term
| What are the classes of pathogens the immune system protects against? |
|
Definition
- extracellular bacteria, parasites, fungi
- intracellular bacteria, parasites
- inrtacellular viruses
- extracellular parasitic viruses |
|
|
Term
| What are the lymphocyte antigen recognition molecules? |
|
Definition
- B cells = soluble or membrane bound
- T cells = membrane bound T cell receptor (TCR) |
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|
Term
| What are antigen presenting cells? (APC) |
|
Definition
- cells that process antigens and present antigenic peptides on cell surface
- include macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells |
|
|
Term
| How are naive T cells activated? |
|
Definition
| - by APCs to differentiate and become effector cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the fate of activated CD8+ T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fate of activated CD4+ T cells? |
|
Definition
| - differentiate into several different subsets |
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|
Term
| How does antigen specific recognition work? |
|
Definition
- antibody can bind an antigen directly
- T cell receptors require antigen to be presented in context of self molecule |
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|
Term
| What is the major histocompatibility complex? (MHC) |
|
Definition
| - group of genes encoding cell-surface molecules that are required for antigen presentation to T cells |
|
|
Term
| What is antigen processing? |
|
Definition
| - cellular pathways that lead to antigen degradation and association with MHC |
|
|
Term
| What is antigen presentation? |
|
Definition
| - appearance of MHC-peptide complexes on surface for recognition by T cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the MHC class 1? |
|
Definition
- presents intracellular antigen peptides
- presents to CD8+ T cells
- checking that cells are self and healthy |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the MHC class 2? |
|
Definition
- presents extracellular antigen peptides
- presents to CD4+ T cells |
|
|
Term
| What is clonal expansion? |
|
Definition
| - when cells create clones of themselves that can recognize the same receptor |
|
|
Term
| What are the two arms of adaptive immunity? |
|
Definition
- cellular mediated
- antibody mediated |
|
|
Term
| In antibody-mediated adaptive immunity, what molecules eliminate pathogens? |
|
Definition
- specific antibodies
- by variety of mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| In cell-mediated adaptive immunity, what molecules eliminate pathogens? |
|
Definition
- cytotoxic T cells
- NK cells
- by variety of mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of vaccination? |
|
Definition
| - to stimulate the immune system to develop and adaptive response and protective immunity |
|
|
Term
| What is passive immunization? |
|
Definition
| - delivery of performed antibody |
|
|
Term
| What is active immunization? |
|
Definition
- induce immunity and memory
- live vaccines
- heat killed
- DNA
- recombinant vector |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- principal immunoglobulin in serum
- enhance phagocytosis
- marks cells for the ADCC with NK cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - first Ig produced in response to antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- major isotope in secretions
- binds to toxins and doesn't let them bind to anything else |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- attached to surface of mast cells
- degranulation of eosinophils/basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - receptor on naive B cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of B cell antigens? |
|
Definition
- T-independent Ag
- T-dependent Ag |
|
|
Term
| What is the missing self model? |
|
Definition
- normal cells have an activating receptor on NK cells AND an inhibitory receptor
- viruses can inhibit MHC expression to evade detection and elimination by CTLs |
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