Term
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Definition
| Pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Most pathogens contain repeating molecular structures on their surface. This enables them to be recognized by PRRs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern recognition receptors. They are the receptors on some cells that can recognize some of the surface patterns displayed by pathogens |
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Term
| What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)? |
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Definition
| They are signaling receptors that distinguish different types of pathogen and help direct an appropriate immune response |
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Term
| What is TLR-4 and what does it do? |
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Definition
| TLR-4 is a toll-like receptor that signals the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. |
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Term
| TLR-4 is a signal receptor located on the _____ ______ of macrophages and ______ ______. It associates with a macrophage receptor called ______, and an additional cellular protein called _______. TLR-4 signals the presence of __________ ___________________. |
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Definition
| cell surface, dendritic cells, CD14, MD-2, bacterial lipopolysaccharides |
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Term
| TLR's most often activate the ______ pathway. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ and _________ are a major method of cell-to-cell communication. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do cytokines do? What is autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine? |
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Definition
| They are small proteins secreted by many cells, but mostly immune system cells that can affect the behavior of the cell that secretes the cytokine (autocrine), the behavior of nearby cells (paracrine), or the behavior of distant cells (endocrine). |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by immune cells (mostly) and other cells, they are small proteins that attract monocytes, neutrophils, and other effector cells from the blood to sites of infection. They also guide lymphocytes to their proper destinations. |
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Term
| ______ is an important cytokine that triggers local containment of infection but induces shock when released systemically. |
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Definition
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Term
| TNFa induces _________ of arterioles, and increases _____ ______ in downstream capillaries. |
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Definition
| vasodilation, clot formation |
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Term
| Too much TNFa in the bloodstream - its release caused by a systemic infection (sepsis) - can result in ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the endogenous pyrogens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the endogenous pyrogens do? |
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Definition
| Induce systemic effects that result in fever, or act like endocrine hormones. |
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Term
| What is the acute phase response? |
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Definition
| It involves a shift in the proteins synthesized and secreted by the liver into the plasma. Levels of some plasma proteins go down, while levels of others increase markedly. |
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Term
| The acute phase response results from the action of ______, ______, and ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The acute phase response promotes the synthesis of specific proteins called _____ _____ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Acute phase proteins act alot like Ig, but are ______ secreted and are _____ ______ in what they bind. |
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Definition
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Term
| Acute phase proteins can act as _______ and can activate the _______ _______. |
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Definition
| opsonins, complement cascade |
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Term
| The acute phase protein of note that's produced in the liver is ________ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The C-reactive protein can __________ bacterium, and can also activate the ________ ________. |
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Definition
| opsonize, complement cascade |
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Term
| Interleukins IL-1, IL-6, and TNFa in the hypothalamus cause ________ ______ _______. |
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Definition
| increased body temperature (fever) |
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Term
| Increased body temperature (fever) in the hypothalamus, has what 3 positive affects? |
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Definition
- Decreased viral and bacterial replication
- Increased antigen processing
- Increased specific immune response
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Term
| What are interferons, and what 3 types are there? |
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Definition
| Known also as antiviral effector molecules, interferons are proteins produced as a response to their host cells undergoing viral infection. They have been found to interfere with viral replication and block the spread of viruses to other cells. The 3 different types are IFNa, IFNb, and IFNy |
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Term
| Which type of proteins can increase the activity of NK cells 20-100 fold? |
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Definition
| interferons - IFNa, IFNb. NK activity also increased by interleukin cytokine IL-12. |
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Term
| What are NK cells and what do they do? |
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Definition
| NK = Natural Killer cells. They develop in the bone marrow from the common lymphoid progenitor and act in a similar manner to cytotoxic T cells (CTL) by causing apoptosis in certain lymphoid tumor cells via injection of cytotoxic granules that induce DNA degredation. |
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Term
| NK cells' role in defense is in the _______ phases of infection and with several _________ pathogens. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do some viruses decrease MHC I expression? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of proteins can increase MHC I expression? |
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Definition
| interferons - IFNa, and IFNb |
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Term
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Definition
| leaving the blood to enter cell tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| cell adhesion molecules - |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of CAMs? |
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Definition
- Selectin
- Integrin
- intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)
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Term
| ________, expressed by _______ cells, allow for initial binding of leukocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______, expressed by ________, promote strong binding between leukocytes, diapedesis, and endothelial cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of CAM binds to integrins and where is it expressed? |
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Definition
| intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs), endothelium |
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Term
| The Complement Cascade is a set of plasma proteins that ________ ______, ______ ________, and directly kill ________ _______. |
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Definition
| opsonize pathogens, promote inflammation, infectious organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that is part of the complement cascade, zymogens are proteases that are created in an inactive state and activated by cleavage of another protease. |
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Term
| Why are zymogans key players in amplifying the complement cascade? |
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Definition
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Term
| All three pathways leading to complement activation converge at the _____ ____ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is C3b and how is it made? What other peptide can be made from it? |
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Definition
| C3b is made via cleavage from C3. It acts as a tag, covalently bonding to pathogens and preparing them for opsonization. It can also bind to C3 convertase to make C5 convertase. |
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