Term
| Innate cells use _______ to recognize _______ on invaders? |
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Definition
| -Pattern recognition receptors, pathogen associated molecular patters (PAMPs) |
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Term
| What are the some major pattern recognition receptors and what PAMPs do they pair with? (5) |
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Definition
Toll-like receptor;
-double stranded RNA
-unmethylated CpG DNA islands
-lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in gram- bacteria
-teichoic acids in gram+ bacteria
-(many other molecules on microbes but not our cells)
N-formyl-methionyl receptor
-N-formylmethionine (special tRNA in bac that initiates protein synthesis)
Mannose receptor;
-Mannose rich oligosaccharides
Scavenger receptor
-Oxidized lipoproteins
Glucan receptor (macrophages)
-glucan |
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Term
| What is it called when white cells squeeze through the walls of blood vessels? |
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Definition
| -diapedesis or extravasation (extravasation is just a little more specific while diapedesis encompasses the whole migratory process) |
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Term
| Which is the cell type that does the rolling along blood vessels and how does it work? |
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Definition
-Neutrophils have s-Lex (sialyl-Lewisx) which weakly and transiently interacts with selectin on endothelium
-s-Lex---selectin (nice ring to it) |
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Term
| If the rolling cell sticks to the endothelium, how's that work? |
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Definition
-Neutrophils have integrins (such as LFA-1) which stick to endothelial adhesion molecules (like ICAM-1)
-Expression of the adhesion molecules is caused by cytokines such as CXCL8 (IL-8)
-So CXCL8 --(+)--> ICAM-1 --(binds)--> selectin (on neutrophil) |
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Term
| Professional vs. non-professional phagocytes |
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Definition
-Non-professional are epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal cells. Phagocytosis is not their normal function, although they can do it
-Professional phagocytes are just the normal ones; monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, tissue dendritic cells and mast cells. |
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Term
| Neutrophil life, abundance, and function? Appearance? |
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Definition
-live only about a day
-are the predominant white cells
-arrive first on the scene to phagocytose bacteria
-Multi-lobed nucleus |
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Term
| Macrophage/monocyte life, abundance, and function? Appearance? |
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Definition
-Long-lived
-Macrophages are in tissues, moncytes in blood
-Arrive later scene, but are more potent because they can be activated
-Have a shaggy membrane as macrophage and a bean shaped nucleus as monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
-Marker for macrophages
-It is LPS receptor |
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Term
| What do macrophages have to recognize compliment? |
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Definition
| -CR3 (compliment receptor 3) |
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Term
| What is the chain of events leading to ROSs? |
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Definition
-NADPH oxidase coverts O2 to superoxide ion (O2-)
-Then superoxide dismutase takes that to hydrogen peroxide
-Finally, peroxidases use iron to make hypochlorite and hydroxy radicals
-In both macrophages and neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| -The fragment crystallizable region (Fc region) is the tail region of an antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors called Fc receptors on cells like macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
-It is a protein of the compliment system that allows it's activation
-It is also able to function in opsonization as C3b and has compliment component 3 (C3) receptors on cells like macrophages |
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Term
| Chronic granulomatous disease? |
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Definition
-From a bad NADPH oxidase
-Patients cannot generate respiratory burst (rapid release of ROSs from cells)
-Patients are immunodeficient |
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Term
| What do natural killer cells recognize, what do they use to do it, and how are they activated? Give a cytokine they produce? |
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Definition
-They recognize the absence of MHC using KIR (killer cell Ig-like receptor) or lectin-like (in compliment) CD94:NKG2
-They activated by IL-2 and IFN-γ (interferon; released when pathogen is present)
-They produce IFN-γ |
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Term
| What are the major cytokines of the innate immune system? (7) |
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Definition
-IL-1,6,8,12
-IFN-α,β (interferon)
-TNF-α
-All are produced by macrophages, all but IL-1 are produced by dendritic cells |
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Term
| In general, what do TNFs, ILs, and IFNs do? |
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Definition
-tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) cause apoptosis and alter vascular endothelial cells (for inflammation)
-interleukins (IL's) means literally "between leukocytes" and function in general communication
-interferons "interfere" with viral replication by being produced by host cells |
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Term
| What is the producer, target, and effect of IL-1 & IL-6? |
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Definition
-IL-1 is produced by macrophages and keratinocytes
-IL-6 is produced by macrophages and dendritic cells
-Both of them act on lymphocytes and the liver
-Enhance responses and stimulate acute-phase protein secretion in liver
-Also helps mediate inflammation |
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Term
| What is the producer, target, and effect of CXCL8? |
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Definition
-AKA IL-8
-It is produced by macrophages and dendritic cells
-It is a chemoattractant for neutrophils
-Stimulates epithelial cells to express adhesion proteins (like ICAM-1) |
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Term
| What is the producer, target, and effect of IL-12? |
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Definition
-Produced by macrophages and dendritic cells
-Act on naive T cells to help them differentiate to Th1 cells (activate cellular immunity, CTL) |
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Term
| What is the producer, target, and effect of TNF-α? |
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Definition
-Produced by macrophages and dendritic cells in response to LPS activation
-Acts on vascular endothelium to stimulate inflammation
-Also stimulates apoptosis, fever, sepsis
-Too much will cause septic shock |
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Term
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Definition
-Caused by an abundance of LPS in the blood activating macrophages
-Macrophages then secrete large amounts on TNF-α, which causes a whole body inflammation reaction and fever
-Eventually there is widespread endothelial injury and then activation of the coagulation system culminating in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (basically just clots)
-organ failure eventually results
-Typically from gram- bacteria |
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Term
| What chemokines attract neutrophils, macrophages, and granulocytes? |
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Definition
-IL-8 (CXCL8); neutrophils
-Macrophage Chemotactic Protein; Macrophages
-Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP); Granulocytes |
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Term
| What is the acute phase response and how is it activated? Name four of the major proteins? |
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Definition
-It is the rapid change in plasma protein levels in response to trauma or infection
-It is activated by IL-6 (& 1)
-CRP (C reactive protein) increases; a non specific opsonin
-α-macroglobulin
-Fibrinogen
-Mannose binding lectin (an opsonin) |
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Term
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Definition
-Any molecule that targets an antigen for an immune response
-However, the term is usually used in reference to molecules that act as a binding enhancer for the process of phagocytosis, especially antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
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