Term
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Definition
| a substance that can bind specifically with an antibody (Ab) or a T cell (TCR) |
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Term
| What makes a good antigen (Ag)? |
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Definition
1. Foreigness
2. Size
3. Complexity
4. Degradability |
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Term
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Definition
Specificity to a Certain Group
Ex. Serum, Albumin (good examples)
Cytochrome C (Bad example) |
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Term
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Definition
Larger molecules generally are better
~100,000 Daltons |
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Term
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Definition
chemically or structurally complex
DNA is not a good antigen but Proteins are |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins have Proteases that degrade molecules |
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Term
| Bovine Serum Albumine (BSA) |
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Definition
| good antigen, very complex, has 25 different epitopes at least for its 582 amino acids |
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Term
| Epitope or Antigenic Determinate |
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Definition
| PARTS of a protein that antibodies recognize |
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Term
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Definition
| does NOT equal number of antibodies because there are more than one antibody that can recognize the same epitope |
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Term
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Definition
| epitopes that are recognized by many different antigens |
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Term
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Definition
recognized by antibodies and are generally on the surface of intact antigens
maybe sequential or non sequential |
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Term
| Examples of NOT good antigens |
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Definition
| Lipids, DNA, Polysaccarides |
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Term
| Can Non Sequential Eptopes be Lost? |
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Definition
| only when a protein becomes denatured |
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Term
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Definition
4 Polypeptides Subunits
(2 Identical Heavy Chains and 2 Identical Light Chains) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bind antigens (B cell Receptor) and eliminate antigens |
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Term
| What chains contribute to Binding? |
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Definition
| Both light and dark chains |
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Term
| 2 Different Types of Light Chains |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
also known as isotopes
1. IgA - alpha - gut
2. IgE - allergies
3. IgD
4. IgM - blood
5. IgG - most common researched |
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Term
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Definition
two loops with disulfide bonds
60-70 Amino Acids inside each loop with ~220 amino acids all together KNOWN as its structural motif |
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Term
| Heavy Chain Structural Motif |
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Definition
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Term
| Ig Domains (Structural Motif) of the Ig Light Chain |
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Definition
| composed of Beta pleated sheets connected by loops |
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Term
| Two Types of Ig Domains(Structural Motif) |
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Definition
1. Variable Domains = amino acid sequence varies, light and heavy chains, antigen binding
2. Constant Domains = amino acids sequence does not vary, heavy chain, biological functions |
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Term
| Plotting Variable Domains |
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Definition
amino acid number vs. number of different amino acid at that point
3 Hypervariable Regions both heavy and light also known as CDR (Complementary Determining Regions) |
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Term
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Definition
| located on flexible loops and no variety on Beta Pleated Sheets to which the loops are what makes contact with antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| Change Epitope Binding Affinity |
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Term
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Definition
determine by CDRs on both light and heavy chains (3 on each)
**at least 4 stay in contact with the epitope but normally 5-6 all at once** |
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Term
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Definition
like velcro, one or two interactions easy to pull apart but more together harder to seperate
-non covalent
-reversible
-mediated by interactions over short distances
-many interactions |
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Term
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Definition
Surface Complementary (close together with 15-22 A.A.)
- antibodies form a bumpy topology on surface and must complement that with epitope until match found |
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Term
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Definition
Change Binding Affinity
High = Good
Low = Bad |
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Term
| Antibodies and Antigen Bind Together and Leave ... |
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Definition
| "Wiggle Room" because of induced fit till the CDRs change to make a tighter fit |
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Term
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Definition
1. Membrane Bound as B cell antigen Receptors (IgM, IgD)
2. soluble form for tissues, blood, breast mil, gut soluble proteins known as EFFECTOR MOLECULES that eliminate antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| activate complement, enhance adaptive immunity to what innate already does |
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Term
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Definition
| most common, bind to receptors on phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| gut, prevent toxins and pathogens from binding |
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Term
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Definition
| responses mediated by mast cells and eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| act as receptor for B cell antigen |
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Term
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Definition
1. Physical Barriers
2. Cells
3. Soluble Factors |
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Term
| Adaptive Immune System Cells |
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Definition
1. T Cells
2. B Cells
3. Dendritic Cells |
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Term
| Adaptive Immune System Soluble Factors |
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Definition
1. Antibodies
2. Cytokines |
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Term
| Pre B Cells and Pre T Cells that do not have a functional receptor that bind to antigens Lead To ... |
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Definition
| Maturation into B Cells and T Cells (T Helper and CTLs)that have functional receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| B Cells and T Cells bind to antigens that activate and proliferate into plasma cells T helper cells and CTLs |
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Term
| T Helper Cells activate What??? |
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Definition
T Helper cells via secretion of cytokines activate 3 Things:
1. Plasma Cells to secrete Antibodies
2. CTLs to migrate to sites of infection and kill infected host cells
3. Other Immune Cells |
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Term
| 4 Molecules Bind to Receptors |
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Definition
1. Antibodies
2. B cells
3. T Helper Cells
4. CTLs |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to antibody or T cell Receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to antibody or T cell Receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that can induce a specific immune response |
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Term
All ______ are _______
BUT NOT
All _______ are ______ |
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Definition
Immunogens are Antigens
Antigens are Immunogens |
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Term
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Definition
a very small molecule that has antigenicity but not immunogenicity
(too small alone but conjugated to a larger molecule and it can become an immunogen) |
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Term
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Definition
specific portion of antigen recognized by antibody
aka antigen determinant
very small = Proteins < 15 A.A. (5-6 A.A.)
Polysaccarides ~4 Residues (sugar units) |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific protein produced in response to an immunogen and binds antigen |
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Term
| Large Protein with Several Epitopes Injected into Rabbit A |
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Definition
| Rabbit A Produces Antibodies that Bind Epitopes |
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Term
| Large Protein but Degraded with Epitopes Still Intact Injected into each piece into a Different Rabbit |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins then Polysaccarides |
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Term
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Definition
1. Chemical
2. Structural |
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Term
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Definition
| more is better and makes better Immunogens |
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Term
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Definition
how many different building blocks
Proteins - 20 A.A. - 30 to 1000 A.A.
Polysaccarides - 2 to 10, 100 - Repeating Structures |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Epitopes and Relationship to Protein Structure |
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Definition
1. Larger Proteins tend to have more Epitopes than smaller proteins
2. Epitopes may overlap
3. Epitopes tend to be on the surface of the molecule
4. Epitopes can be linear (continuous and Sequential) or non linear (non continuous and non sequential)
5. some epitopes are are better at inducing an immune response than others related to binding characteristics
6. the more epitopes (larger molecule) an immunogen has, the better immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| can be inside or outside molecule but the inside ones are not good binders |
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Term
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Definition
| looses nonconinous epitopes while continous one stays intact |
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Term
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Definition
the strength of binding of antibody to antigen
Function of the number of types of noncovalent bonding |
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Term
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Definition
the overall strength of antibody binding to antigen
Function of how many antibody sites are occupied |
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Term
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Definition
| IgA (4 Possible Binding Sites) and IgM (10 Possible Binding Sites) |
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Term
Early Structure Functions Studies (1950s)
IgG From Rabbit Blood
Purpose: |
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Definition
| to assign a function to a particular domain, separate domains, and test for function |
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Term
Early Structure Function Studies (1950s)
IgG From Rabbit Blood
Tool |
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Definition
2 Proteases:
1. Papain
2. Pepsin |
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Term
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Definition
Breaks apart First
Bind Antigen (monovalent) therefore each antibodies bind two antigens on the FAB section composed of heavy and light chains (Fragment Antigen Binding)
FC Fragment crystalizable also are formed and they preform a function in effector and are composed of heavy chains only |
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Term
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Definition
Breaks apart
two sections formed
1. F(ab')2 which is a divalent that bind to two antigens
2. small fragments |
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Term
| Each Antibody (Monomeric) Binds ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Antigen Binding Site is ... |
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Definition
| FAB that has both heavy and light chains |
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Term
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Definition
| heavy chains that serves as effector function |
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Term
| Binding of FAB to Antigens will... |
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Definition
| change the conformation of FC and expose binding sites |
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Term
| Immune Cells and Components have .... |
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Definition
| FC Receptors when they bind antibodies which leads to elimination of antigen |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Differences in FC Portion serves in ... |
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Definition
| distribution function because there are 10^9 different B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| IgG, monomeric IgA, and IgM |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Transferred from Mother to Fetus Isotype |
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Definition
IgG
**Only one to cross the placental barrier** |
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Term
| Bound to Mast Cells in Submucosal, subcutaneous, and subendothelial Areas Isotypes |
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Definition
IgE
-Also do not have eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
| functions as a monomer, predominate antibody in the blood (80% of blood antibodies), lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, peritoneal fluid, and interstitial fluid, has the longest 1/2 life =25 days which therefore functions in passive immunizations,primary antibody of secondary responses, has the most functions: neutralization, ADCC, agglutination, activation of complement, opsonization, relatively small, can enter tissues during inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| Protects from infection during a vulnerable period and moves across the placenta from mother to fetus in the last part of gestation. |
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Term
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Definition
| all Ig have come from their mothers, passively protecting infants from pathogens the mother has previously encountered. infant begin to make Ig on their own after birth with amounts rising slowly but progressively over years |
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Term
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Definition
Two Forms:
1. Monomer-B Cell Receptor
2. Pentame-5IgMs connected via J-chain which is also secreted by plasma cells
Pentamer=Largest Ig, cannot enter tissues during inflammation
3rd most common antibody in blood
1st antibody made during an immune response
low affinity and high avidity
first antibody made by newborns at 5 months
cannot cross placental barrier because of its size |
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Term
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Definition
| Pentamer = neutralization, agglutinations, activation of complement |
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Term
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Definition
Two Forms:
1. Blood IgA - monomer, second most common antibody in blood with an unknown function maybe in neutralization
2. Secreted IgA (slgA) present as a dimer, predominate antibody in body secretions like mucus, tears, saliva, colostrim, milk |
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Term
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Definition
| major antibody in the body, functions in mucosal immunity, and is responsible for passive immunization of breast feeding babies |
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Term
| In Body .. More Mucus or More Blood? |
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Definition
| More Mucus so IgA is the most present in the body |
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Term
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Definition
1. J-chain to connect the two monomers together which is the same J-chain that binds IgM pentamer
2. Secretory Piece - made in peithelial cells and is added to IgA as it passes into secretions |
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Term
| Secretory Piece Functions: |
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Definition
1. Transport IgA across the Mucosa
2. Stabilize IgA and prevent it from being degraded by substances in secretions |
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Term
| Formation of Secretory IgA |
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Definition
| two IgA molecules covalently linked by J chain and with the secretory component |
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Term
| Secretory Component Formation |
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Definition
| polymeric IgA produced by plasma cells located in the submucosa binds to the poly-Ig Reeceptor on epithelial cells, and the complex is transported to the luminal surface of the mucosa. The poly - Ig receptor is enzamatically cleaved during the transport process and becomes the secretory component of secretory IgA |
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Term
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Definition
| functions as a monomer, unbound monomer is rare in the blood, most igE is attached to mast cell surface and eosinophils, found in tissues and associated with mucosal surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| antiparasitic defense and is responsible for allergies |
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Term
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Definition
functions as a monomer, attached to B cell surface, may be present in blood in low concentrations
Function=UNKNOWN thought to be a substitute for B cell Receptors and help development of plasma and memory B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| high affinity (nearly covalent) assures that much of the IgE in body is bound to mast cells and eosinophils in tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| polyspecific antibody (coated loaded gun) |
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Term
| Neutralization vs. Optimization |
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Definition
| size = neutralization does small molecules/proteins/toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| DOES NOT eliminate only breaks down and lets phagocytes eliminate |
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Term
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Definition
rate of change
change on numbers and types of antibodies overtime which can be used to measure an immune response |
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Term
| Primary Immune Response Phases |
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Definition
1. Lag
2. Log
3. Plateau
4. Decline |
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Term
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Definition
antibodies not produced antigen enters body
B cells and T cells recognize antigen activation, proliferation, and differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
2 Days to Months
Avg. 4 - 7 Days |
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Term
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Definition
Exponential Phase
describes the rate at which antibodies are produced. plasma cells produce antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies productions is balanced by antibody decay |
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Term
| Avg. 1/2 Life of Antibody (Plateau Phase) |
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Definition
| 2 - 6 Days with no net gain in antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
overall decline in antibodies plasma cells have 1/2 life ~4-5 Days
production of memory B cells |
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Term
| Secondary Immune Response Phases |
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Definition
1. Lag Phase
2. Log Phase
3. Plateau Phase
4. Decline Phase |
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Term
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Definition
| generally a much shorter phase compared to Primary Response because Memory B Cells |
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Term
| Memory B Cells - Secondary Response |
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Definition
| Memory B Cells still go through activation, proliferation, and differentiation but is a quick response because they do not need T cell Input |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies produced at a faster rate and more antibodies are produced |
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Term
| Plateau Phase - Secondary |
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Definition
| no net increase in antibodies |
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Term
| Decline Phase - Secondary |
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Definition
| less rapid in secondary response than primary, antibodies can persist for months |
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Term
| Primary Response Characteristics |
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Definition
1. slow response because long lag phase
2. low concentration of antibodies produced
3. rapid decline
4. IgM Major Antibody
5. Low affinity antibodies made |
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Term
| Secondary Response Characteristics |
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Definition
1. Fast Response because Memory B Cells
2. High Concentration of antibodies produced
3. slow decline
4. IgG or IgA or IgE is the major antibody
5. high affinity antibodies because affinity maturation |
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Term
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Definition
| cytokines to B cells to tell time for proliferation and go with response |
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Term
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Definition
| mutations in DNA coding that can improve antigen binding for higher affinity antigens |
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