Term
| The immune system is composed of _________ and ___________ |
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Definition
| Cells (troops) and Tissues (facilities) |
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Term
| There is an innate connection between what 2 body systems? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| generation of all blood cells (continuous process) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hematopoiesis begins with ______________ |
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Definition
| HSC - Hematopoietic Stem Cell |
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Term
| Hematopoietic Stem Cells are __________ and _____________ |
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Definition
| pluripotent (Pluri=Many,Potent=Potential) and self renewing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What classifies myleoid cells? |
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Definition
| all other blood cells that are non-dividing cells |
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Term
| What classifies lymphoid cells? |
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Definition
| B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, Natural Killer (NK) cells all that can be self renewing |
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Term
| Erythrocytes (RBC) Function and Concentration |
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Definition
| oxygen transport - 40 to 90% of all blood cells - 5x10^6/mm^3 |
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Term
| Platelets function and concentration |
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Definition
| wound repair and blood clotting - 2x10^5/mm^3 |
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Term
| Leukocytes(WBC) Divisions and concentrations |
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Definition
| Lymphocytes, Monocytes, and Granulocytes - 7.4x10^3/mm^3 |
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Term
| Lymphocytes Types and Concentration |
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Definition
| B cells, T cells, NK cells - 20 to 50% of all leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Granulocyte Types and Concentration |
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Definition
| neutrophils (40-75% of leukocytes), eosinophils (1-6% of leukocytes), basophils (<1% of leukocytes), mast cells (undetectable) |
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Term
| Granulocyte Types and Concentration |
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Definition
| neutrophils (40-75% of leukocytes), eosinophils (1-6% of leukocytes), basophils (<1% of leukocytes), mast cells (undetectable) |
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Term
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Definition
| apart of adaptive immune system that differentiate into plasma cells which then secrete antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| apart of the adaptive immune system that has two types: T helper and cytotoxic T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| control immune response by secreting cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Natural Killer (NK) cells |
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Definition
| apart of the innate immune system that kills infected host cells |
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Term
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Definition
| immature macrophages that migrate into tissues and adapt |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytosis (engulf and destroy), antigen presenting, and control inflammation |
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Term
| Granulocytes and its Types |
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Definition
| contain granules = bags of chemicals neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells |
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Term
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Definition
| PMNs = Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes that function by phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| contribute to allergic response and function in inflammation. also control infectims by parasite and helminths |
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Term
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Definition
| function by inflammation in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| function in inflammation in tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| functions by phagocytosis and antigen presentation |
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Term
| What are the major antigen presenting cells (APC)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tissues of the Immune System can be found where? |
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Definition
| appendix, bone marrow, lymphnodes, lymphatic vessels, MALT, spleen, tonsils, and thymus |
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Term
| Function of the Immune System Tissues |
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Definition
| 1. return intestinal fluid to circulatory system 2. absorption of fats and fat solubles vitamins from digestive system 3. transport blood 4.defend body against foreign substances via capture and transport to lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Primary Lymphatic Tissues |
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Definition
| function as site for lymphocyte development |
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Term
| Where does B Cells develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does T cells develop? |
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Definition
| Thymus (located above the heart) |
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Term
| Secondary Lymphatic Tissues |
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Definition
| all other tissues that bring antigens to lymphocytes - lymphatic vessels, lymphnodes, spleen, MALT, |
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Term
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Definition
| network of vessels that assist in circulating body fluids and conveying lymph to lymphnodes |
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Term
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Definition
| blood, plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blood in circulatory system flows into capillaries. plasma filter into interstitial spaces (spaces between cells) and is known as interstitial fluids. excess interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic vessels to become lymph |
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Term
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Definition
| organized collections of lymphatic tissue along lymphatic vessels. scattered all over the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Neck, Groin, Armpits, Abdomen |
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Term
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Definition
1. Filter lymph of debris before it enters back into blood stream
2. destroy debris = macrophages
3. bring in close contact antigen and lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
1. affarent vessels
2. efferent vessel
3. connective tissue
4. functional tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| conve lymph into lymphnode |
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Term
| connective tissue of the lymphnode |
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Definition
| dense connective tissue made of a CAPSULE that surrounds the node and the TRABECULA that extends into the node |
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Term
| Functional Tissue of the lymphnode |
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Definition
| made of the OUTER CORTEX that is mostly B cells, macrophages, dentritic cells arranged into a follicle, the INNER CORTEX that is also known as the PARA CORTEX that is mostly T cells, and the INNER MEDULLA that is mostly plasma cells |
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Term
| What happens if antigen center lymphnodes? |
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Definition
| a B cell may recognize an antigen and macrophages and dendritic cells phageocytose and perform antigen presenting |
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Term
| B cells role when an antigen enters lymphnode |
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Definition
| B cells can recognize antigen in natural form |
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Term
| Macrophages Role when antigens enter the lymphnodes |
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Definition
| Phagocytosis (its Primary Function) |
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Term
| Dendritic Cells function when antigens enter lymphnodes |
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Definition
| antigen presentation (its primary function) but also perform phagocytosis which must be done before the presentation |
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Term
| Who does the Dendritic cells present the antigens to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if the T cell recognizes the antigen the dendritic cell presents to it? |
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Definition
| stimulates B cells which will differentiate into plasma cells that migrate to the medulla |
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Term
| Plasma cells role in the medulla after changing from B cells |
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Definition
| secret antibodies that goes to the lymph and then the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| medium size organ (200g), below and to the left of the heart (300g), structurally and functionally similar to lymphnodes but FILTERS BLOOD |
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Term
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Definition
1. brings antigen into close contact with lymphocyte which filters blood
2. destroys old / damaged RBC via macrophages
3. storage site for excess blood |
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Term
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Definition
1. Splenic artery
2. splenic vein
3. connective tissue
4. functional tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| conveys blood into spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| conveys blood away from spleen |
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Term
| connective tissue of the spleen |
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Definition
| capsule and trabecula (like lymphnode) |
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Term
| Two Types of Spleen Functional Tissue |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| high concentrations of macrophages and RBC |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| asplenic - susceptible to blood and bone infections but can get immunizations for common things and any cut etc. the patient must go on antibiotics always and immediately |
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Term
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Definition
| largest lymphatic tissue under the mucosa of urogenital, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tract that is dispersed and unorganized |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small, unorganized, dispersed collections of lymphoid cells under the mucosal lining |
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Term
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Definition
| slightly larger and better organized collection of lymphoid cells |
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Term
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Definition
1. Peyer's Patch
2. Tonsils = back of tongue, mouth, roof of pharynx
3. Appendix=start of large intestine |
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Term
| Microfold Cells (M cells) |
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Definition
| specalized antigen collecting epithelial cells of mucosal lining. trap antigen and deliver it to immune cells on other side of mucosa therefore function is surveillance |
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Term
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Definition
| Immune Tissue that Responds = MALT |
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Term
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Definition
| Immune Tissue that Respond = Spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| Immune Tissue that Responds = nearest lymphnode |
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Term
| Lymphnode Response to Pathogen Entry |
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Definition
1. lymph vessels drain fluid from tissues to lymphnode
2. DCs pick up antigen and take it to a lymphnode |
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Term
| Innate Immune System: 1st Line of Defense |
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Definition
1. Physical Barriers (Resist entry of pathogen)
2. Process that Provides an Immediate Local Response (Does not respond unless barriers are broken down) |
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Term
| Innate Immune System: 2nd Line of Defense |
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Definition
| provide by adaptive immune system |
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Term
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Definition
1. physical barriers
2. cells
3. soluble factors |
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Term
| Types of Physical Barriers: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| best protection against physical chemical or biological insult. consist of a multiple layers of tightly packed cells with tight junctions. pH is low (4-6) to inhibit bacteria BUT NOT fungi because they like low pH. skin cells shed and remove antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| consist of a mono and mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 layers of cells with tight junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| contains antimicrobial compounds and movement of mucus helps to rid antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| hairlike projections on epithelial cells of the lower (trachae and those downward) respiratory tract. act like an esclator |
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Term
| Most Important Response in the lower Respiratory Tract |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Phagocytic Cells
2. Cytotoxic Cells
3. Proinflammatory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| neutrophils and macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| basophils, eosinophils, mast cells |
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Term
| Soluble Factors - 3 Types |
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Definition
1. Bactericidal Factors
2. Cytokines
3. Complement |
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Term
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Definition
| present in body secretions such as mucus, tears, saliva, and nasal secretions |
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Term
| Body Secretions - 5 Types |
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Definition
1. HCl
2. Oxygen Radicals
3. Defensins
4. Lysozyme
5. Transferin |
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Term
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Definition
| in stomach, low pH ~1.5-3.5 that inhibits microbes |
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Term
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Definition
ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)
steal electrons to degrade others |
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Term
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Definition
| create peptides with antimicrobal activity creating pores |
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Term
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Definition
| host protein that binds iron |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| group of proteins that work together to kill bacteria |
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Term
| 5 Processes of the Innate Immune System |
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Definition
1. NK Cytotoxic Killing
2. Phagocytosis
3. Inflammation
4. Fever
5. Complement |
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Term
| NK Cytotoxic Killing of Host cell |
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Definition
| Nk cells arise in bone marro and are released into blood and migrates into tissue |
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Term
| These use the same killing mechanism as NK cytotoxic Killing of host cells but a different regonition process |
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Definition
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Term
| Input and Control of NK Cytotoxic Killing of host cells |
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Definition
| viral infections, intracellular pathogens, and cancer |
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Term
| Recognition of NK cytotoxic Killing of host cells |
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Definition
2 Receptors on NK cells that are involved
1. Activating Receptor (AR)
2. Inhibitory Receptor (IR) |
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Term
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Definition
| recognition and production of stress molecules on the surface of the host cells |
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Term
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Definition
| infected cells, cancerous, cells near infectum, trauma |
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Term
| AR on NK cells binds to stress molecule on host cells what happens? |
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Definition
| send a signal to the NK to kill the host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| IR on NK cells binds MHC. MHC is on the surface on the healthy cells. when IR binds MHC sends a signal to NK cells not to kill and overrides the AR signal |
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Term
| What will the NK cell do to a host cell when it is healthy and not stressed and what will the overall outcome be |
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Definition
| IR will bind MHC on host cell and there will be no response |
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Term
| What will NK cells do to a host cell that is healthy but stressed (MHC stressed molecule) |
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Definition
| AR that kills and IR that does not kill will bind to counteract each other for no response |
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Term
| what will the NK cell do when the host cell is sick and stressed and what will the overall outcome be |
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Definition
| AR binds and the NK cell will kill the host cell |
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Term
| NK cells Killing Mechanism |
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Definition
1. NK cells come into closer contact with host cells
2. granules reposition to surface of NK cells closest to host cell
3. granules are released
(other cells can attach to host but granules do NOT go into it) |
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Term
| What do granules contain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protein that makes a pore in host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a protease that enters host cells via pores made by preforin |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that degrades proteins |
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Term
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Definition
1. apoptosis = suicide pathway, programmed cell death
2. DNA fragmentation and destruction of other cellular components
3. killing microbes
NK CELLS DO NOT KILL MICROBES DIRECTLY |
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Term
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Definition
"within cell"
process to bring substances into a cell without passing thru a membrane directly into cytoplasm (via invagination of membrane and substances runs into a vessicle) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Pinocytosis
2. Phagocytosis
3. Receptor mediated phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell eating, nonspecific, not regulated, <10% Efficency |
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Term
| Receptor Mediated Phagocytosis |
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Definition
| specific process >90% Efficiency |
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Term
| Recognition Process of Phagocytosis |
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Definition
| via 3 main types of receptors on surface of phagocyte |
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