Term
| describe the stages of antigen-independant B lymphocyte differentiation in the bone marrow |
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Definition
| stem cell>>>pro B>>>pre B>>>Immature B>>>mature B>>>exit bone marrow |
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Term
| recombination of which genes in the light chain? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| recombination of which genes in the heavy chain of Abs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| which region of the antibody has additional point mutations |
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Definition
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Term
| if the B cell encounters its specific antigen in the periphery what happens? |
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Definition
| proliferation and differentiation of the B cells and antibody production |
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Term
| what is isotype switching? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is affinity maturation? |
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Definition
| affinity of secondary response increases compared to first response |
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Term
| what is the B cell receptors? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| if a B cell encounters its specific antigen,what does it do for T cells? |
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Definition
| B cell presents antigen to T cells |
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Term
| how does a B cell act as an antigen-presenting cell? |
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Definition
B cell binds the antigen
receptor-mediated endocytosis
MHCII binds the antigen and presents it on the surface |
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Term
| what happens after the B cell presents the antigen to a T cell? |
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Definition
T cell- B cell conjugate forms
T cell secretes cytokines
B cell becomes plasma cell and secretes antibodies |
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Term
| What is the first signal of T cell activation? |
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Definition
| MHCII/ag to TCR (T cell receptor) |
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Term
| what is the second signal of T cell activation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the MHCII+antigen (on B cell) attach to on the T cell? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does B7 on B cell attach to on T cell? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does CD40 on B cell attach to on T cell? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which cytokines do Th2 cells secrete? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cytokines to Th1 cells secrete? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells regulate isotype switching? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site of B cell proliferation and affinity maturation? |
|
Definition
| Secondary Follicles Germinal Centers |
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|
Term
| what happens if there is a mutation in the V region of the Ig that results in lower affinity for the antigen? |
|
Definition
B cell receptor does not bind the antigen
the antigen is not presented
B cell dies |
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Term
| 2 types of extracellular pathogens |
|
Definition
interstitial spaces, blood, lymph
epithelial surfaces |
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Term
| 2 types of intracellular pathogens |
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Definition
| cytoplasmic and vesicular |
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Term
| what kinds of organisms invade interstitial fluid, blood and lymph |
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Definition
| viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms |
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|
Term
| what kinds of organisms invade epithelial surfaces |
|
Definition
Neiserria gonorrea
candida albicans
worms |
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|
Term
| what kinds of organisms invade cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kinds of organisms invade vesicles? |
|
Definition
mycobacterium
trypanosomes
cryptococcus neoforms |
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|
Term
| what protects against interstitial spaces, blood, and lymph? |
|
Definition
| antibodies, complement, phagocytosis |
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|
Term
| what protects epithelial surfaces |
|
Definition
| IgA antibodies, antimicrobial peptides |
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|
Term
| what protects the cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
cytotoxic T cells
NK cells |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is antigen clearance mediated by? |
|
Definition
| Fc receptors on phagocytic cells |
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|
Term
| which antibodies inhibit attachment of toxins/microbes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which antibodies enhance phagocytosis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which antibody mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which antibodies activate complement |
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Definition
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|
Term
| which antibody de-granulates mast cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is neutralization by antibodies? |
|
Definition
| when an antibody prevents bacterial adherance (physically blocks it) |
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|
Term
| what is opsonization by antibodies? |
|
Definition
| antibodies promote phagocytosis |
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|
Term
| what is complement activation by antibodies |
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Definition
| antibody activates complement, which enhances opsonization, and lyses some bacteria |
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Term
| what part of the immune system is important for large pathogens, ie worms |
|
Definition
| mast cells and eosinophils |
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Term
|
Definition
| produce and release histamine (vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction) causes flushing to expel pathogen for eosinophil to access it |
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Term
|
Definition
| produce granules that contain major basic protein and cationic protein that are toxic to parasites |
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|
Term
| what does it mean if you have high numbers of eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| infection of parasitic worms |
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|
Term
| what is the first antibody to respond? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how long is the primary response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how long is the secondary response? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Describe IgG in first and second exposure |
|
Definition
| a lot more in second exposure |
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Term
|
Definition
| lyme disease-extra cellular |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what kind of response is CD4+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what does IL-2 do and where does it come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does IFN-y do and where does it come from? |
|
Definition
activates Mac, Mac kills pathogen
Th1 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does a cytotoxic T cell do? |
|
Definition
| kills infected host cell with perforins and granzymes |
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|
Term
| describe granuloma formation |
|
Definition
| mechanism to contain bacteria by Macs and T Cells |
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|
Term
| what do immune defenses for intracellular infections depend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what determines which cytokines are produced during inate response? |
|
Definition
| the interaction between PAMP and PRR |
|
|
Term
| what cytokines do Th1 cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cytokines to Th2 produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Th1: intracellular v extracellular?
2 pathogens? |
|
Definition
Intracellular
bacteria, protozoa, viruses |
|
|
Term
Th2 cells: intracellular or extracellular?
4 types of pathogens? |
|
Definition
extracellular
bacteria, allergens, fungi,worms |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 signals for activation of a naive T cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary growth factor for T cell |
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|
Term
| what happens during the lag phase? |
|
Definition
| B cells clone and differentiate into plasma cells |
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|
Term
| which antibodies are associated with allergens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic predisposition to develop hypersensitivity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| initial exposure to allergen |
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|
Term
| reaction time with pollen, allergen, bee sting: |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| reaction time with drug reactions, serum sickness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reaction time for poison ivy and skin test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle contraction, increases vascular permeability |
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Term
|
Definition
| induces vasodilation, broncoconstriction, |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| vasodilation and bronchoconstriction |
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|
Term
| platelet activating factor |
|
Definition
| platelet aggregation and hypotension |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, induces pain |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| examples of type 2 hypersensitivity reactions |
|
Definition
blood transfusion reacions
erythroblastosis fetalis
reactions to certain drugs |
|
|
Term
| what does antibody do in a type II hypersensitivity reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does antibody do in type III hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| antibody/antigen complex floats around |
|
|
Term
| what is an arthus reaction? |
|
Definition
| immune complexes attacked by infiltrating neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| examples of type III hypersensitivies |
|
Definition
| insect bite, serum sickness, autoimmune disease (lupus, RA) |
|
|
Term
| examples of type IV hypersensitivities |
|
Definition
| poison oak/ivy, cosmetics, metals, |
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