Term
| principle of Addison's Disease |
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Definition
| chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal gland does not produce enough hormones |
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Term
| principle of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
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Definition
| systemic disorder in which there is deficient complement components, abnormal HLA class II phenotypes and abnormal FcGamma receptors on B cells, macrophages, dendrites, and neutrophils |
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Term
| principle of Sjogren's disease |
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Definition
| systemic disorder in which the exocrine glands producing tears and saliva are destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
| epidermal disorder in which there is symmetrical skin thickening |
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Term
| principle of Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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Definition
| systemic disorder in which a pannus (organized mass consisting of CD4 & CD8 T cells, macrophages, neutrophils & plasma cells) grows into the joint space and causes increased secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines which causes chronic inflammation |
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Term
| principle of Hasimoto's disease |
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Definition
| Thyroid disoder in which T cells, B cells, macrophages and plasma cells infiltrate the thyroid and cause development of the germinal centers. This leads to hypothyroidism and hyperplasia of the thyroid |
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Term
| principle of Grave's disease |
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Definition
| Thyriod disorder in which there is patchy infiltration of the thyroid which causes symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. Also causes hyperthyroidism and hyperplastic epithelium. |
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Term
| principle of Type 1 Diabetes |
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Definition
| Pancreatic disorder in which there is destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans due to cellular autoimmunity. |
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Term
| principle of Multiple schlerosis |
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Definition
| central nervous system disorder in which there is formation of plaques in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. These plaques are mainly composed of T cells and macrophages that are involved in the demyelination which leads to neurodegeneration |
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Term
| principle of Myasthenia Gravis |
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Definition
| ACH receptor disorder in which MG Ab combines with the receptor site, binding of ACH to the receptor is blocked (impaired function of neurotransmission), which leads to progressive muscle weakness and eventually receptors are destroyed |
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Term
| principle of Goodpasture's Syndrome |
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Definition
| Kidney disorder in which there is auto-antibody to glomerular, renal tubular and alveolar basement membranes and necrosis of the glomeruli is triggered by auto-Ab specific for the non-collagenous region of type IV collagen. Auto-Abs reacts with collagen followed by complement fixation resulting in the injury of the glomeruli eventually leading to the renal failure |
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Term
| Tests for diagnosis of Addison's disease |
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Definition
| diagnosis based on detection of the decreased levels of steroids |
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Term
| Tests for diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus |
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Definition
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Term
| Tests for diagnosis of Sjogren's disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Tests for diagnosis of scleroderma |
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Definition
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Term
| Tests for diagnosis of Rheumatoid arthritis |
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Definition
| Agglutination tests for IgM and IgG/IgA |
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Term
| Tests for diagnosis of hashimotos |
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Definition
| Test for anti-thyroglobulin: Indirect immunofluorescent assays; Passive agglutination & EIA. Test for anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) Abs (90-95% positive in this disease): EIA & IIF |
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Term
| Tests for diagnosis of graves |
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Definition
| Tests for detection of the anti-TSHR Abs: bioassays with tissue culture & binding assays that are based on competition between radiolabeled TSH & patient’s autoantibodies for binding to thyrotropin receptors. Both tests are difficult to perform & are rarely used (diagnosis could be made by different tests) |
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Term
| Tests for diagnosis of type 1 diabetes |
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Definition
| EIA’s for IA-2 (Insulinoma Antigen), Anti-insulin Ab, Anti-GAD (enzyme) Ab, and Anti-islet-cell-Ab (ICA) |
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Term
| Tests for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis |
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Definition
| Oligoclonal banding (Electrophoresis of CSF for immunoglobulins). Four to eight bands are diagnostic for MS and CSF IgG index (is useful, but not specific for MS) |
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Term
| Tests for diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis |
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Definition
| RIA test (with radio-labeled snake venom that irreversibly bind to ACHR) are used to detect this Ab |
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Term
| Tests for diagnosis of Goodpasture's syndrome |
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Definition
| Circulating Abs can be detected in the patient’s serum by EIA and IIF (indirect immunofluorescent) assays. A Western blot technique is often used as a confirmatory test as the most sensitive and specific assay for this diagnosis |
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Term
| major clinical manifestations primary Syphilis |
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Definition
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Term
| major clinical manifestations secondary Syphilis |
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Definition
| malaise, fever, skin rash, lymphadenopathy, & neurological symptoms |
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Term
| major clinical manifestations teritiary Syphilis |
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Definition
| Gummatous syphilis: localized centers of granulomatous inflammation (on bones, skin, or subcutaneously), Cardiovascular disease: mostly affecting aorta (formation of aneurisms), Neurosyphilis: acute meningitis when occurs in earlier stages & paresis or progressive dementia as late manifestations of syphilis |
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Term
| major clinical manifestations primary lymes |
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Definition
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Term
| major clinical manifestations secondary lymes |
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Definition
| blurred vision, fainting, fatigue, headache, heart palpitations, light-headedness, large joint inflammation, lethargy, muscle pains, stiff neck, abnormal sensitivity to light, confusion, drooping eyelids, dysfunctional movement, facial paralysis, hallucinations, vomiting, speech impairment and |
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Term
| major clinical manifestations tertiary lymes |
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Definition
| skin, brain, nervous system, muscles, bones, and cartilage. Major syndromes: arthritis, peripheral neuropathy & encefalomielitis |
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Term
| Direct detection methods for Syphilis |
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Definition
| dark field and Fluorescent antibody testing (direct and indirect) |
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Term
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Definition
| dark-field microscopy (detection of T. palladium in skin lesions exudates. A dark-field condenser is used to eliminate all incident light except to that captured by treponema. Characteristic features are corkscrew morphology & flexing motility) |
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Term
| Fluorescent Antibody Testing (direct) |
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Definition
| use of labeled specific anti-treponema antibody |
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Term
| Fluorescent Antibody Testing (indirect) |
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Definition
| primary specific antibody plus labeled secondary anti-immunoglobulin antigen, specimen doesn’t have to be alive |
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Term
| serological testing for syphilis |
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Definition
| Non-treponemal, treponemal (Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) or Agglutination test) |
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Term
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Definition
| VDRL test is used to determine the presence of regain, an antibody that is formed against cardiolipin, a lipid material from damaged cells. This test is based on flocculation reactions in which patient’s antibody react with complex antigen reagent (a combination of cholesterol, lecithin, and cardiolipin). This is a very sensitive test, used for screening |
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Term
| fluorescent Treponemal antibody absorption test |
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Definition
| indirect fluorescent antibody test and slides are read under a fluorescence microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| Particle agglutination (TP-PA) tests use colored gelatin particles coated with treponemal antigens and are very sensitive in detecting primary syphilis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Detect antibody against Treponeme palladium antigens. These tests are more labor & time-consuming & are used as confirmatory tests |
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Term
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Definition
| reagin II tests and EIA tests based on capture of a specific class (IgM, or IgG) of antibody. |
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Term
| EIA based on reagin for syphilis |
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Definition
| : Reagin II test uses a cardiolipin antigen (as in the VDRL test) and allows screening of a large numbers of samples because it’s very sensitive |
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Term
| EIS based on capture of specific class of antibody for syphilis |
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Definition
| Microtiter wells are coated with anti-IgM or IgG anti-human globulin antibodies to react with antibodies in the patient’s serum. Treponemal enzyme-labeled antigens are then added and the patient antibody reacts with the treponemal antigen a color substrate is added and color change indicates binding of antigen for Treponeme. |
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Term
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Definition
| semi-automatic, rapid, quantitative method which can discriminate between antibiotic resistant strains of treponema. |
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Term
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Definition
| : Microscope slides are coated with antigen from whole or processed spirochetes then the Patient’s serum (applying serial dilution) is added. The secondary anti-human globulin antibody with fluorescent tag is then applied and reacts with any primary, specific to the antigen, antibody bound to the spirochetes antigen on the slide. Sensitivity and specificity is limited. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ag derived from spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi is coated onto 96-well Microtiter plates or strips then Patient’s serum is added & incubated with the antigen. After a washing step an antihuman globulin antibody (which is anti-primary, antigen-specific antibody) with enzyme tag is added to each well/strip. A substrate, specific for the used enzyme is then added and plates are read in a spectrophotometer, which detects the produced change of color. Quick, reproducible and inexpensive test. |
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Term
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Definition
| confirmatory test used secondary to a screening test. Complex procedure that does not provide the same level of confidence that western blot does for other diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA extraction from the patient’s sample is amplified using specific primers, DNA polymerase & nucleotides. The produced bulk of the test DNA is combined with a known DNA probe for hybridization and probes for target DNA that is present in the Borrelia burgdorferi only are used. The Borrelia DNA probe will bind only to a complementary strand, thus positively identifying the presence of the pathogen’s DNA. Very specific but not very sensitive, confirmatory test if positive, not reliable is negative. |
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Term
| Hepatitis A Serological test |
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Definition
| Solid-phase Ab-capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is used commonly in which an Anti-IgM Ab are bound to a solid phase. IgM Ab from the patient’s serum are captured by these antihuman globulin Abs via addition of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) Ag and an enzyme-labeled anti-IgG results in diagnostic reaction |
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Term
| Hepatitis B serological test |
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Definition
| There is a solid phase coated with anti-HBs (biomarker) antibodies. You add the patient serum and incubate. If the patient serum has Hbs Antigen it binds to the anti HBs antibody. You then wash the excess away to remove the unbound proteins. Then you add the enzyme labeled antiHBs conjugate and incubate. The anti HBs conjugate binds to the Anti HB antigen which is bound to the anti HB antibody. You wash to remove the unbound anti HB conjugate. Then you add substrate, incubate, stop the reaction and measure the absorbance. This test has high specificity and sensitivity |
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Term
| Hepatitis C serological test |
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Definition
| IgG anti-HCV Ab are detected by enzyme or chemiluminescent immunoassays for which recombinant and synthetic Ags are developed from the C, NS3, NS4 and NS5 proteins. Specificity is excellent & Abs can be detected 4 to 6 weeks after infection. |
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Term
| Hepatitis C molecular tests |
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Definition
| PCR as a qualitative, confirmatory test to detect HVC RNA. RT-PCR as a quantitative test to monitor effectiveness of therapy. |
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Term
| Hepatitis D molecular test |
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Definition
| RT-PCR is used for detection of HDV RNA |
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Term
| Hepatitis D serological test |
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Definition
| Detection of the anti-HDV Abs in the patient’s serum by the immunoassays, detection of IgM indicated acute infection, high titers of both IgM and IgG indicates chronic infection. |
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Term
| Hepatitis E serological test |
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Definition
| detect anti-HEV IgM & IgA Abs in patient serum |
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Term
| Herpes simplex virus serological test |
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Definition
| Direct Fluorescent Ab (DFA) test to detect virus |
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Term
| Herpes simplex virus molecular test |
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Definition
| PCR for presence of viral DNA |
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Term
| Varicella-Zoster Virus molecular test |
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Definition
| PCR detecting VZV DNA is the most accurate & sensitive test (in CSF!) |
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Term
| Varicella-Zoster Virus serological tests |
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Definition
| Latex agglutination & membrane-based EIAs. FAMA (fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen) is the most sensitive & reliable method of detecting anti-VZV Abs (the reference test). Disadvantage: requires live virus infected cells. ELISA: for detection of Ab a highly purified VZV envelop glycoprotein is used |
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Term
| Epstein-Barr virus serological tests |
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Definition
Heterophile Abs: the monospot: the test for ability of the serum to agglutinate horse red blood cells), high specificity and sensitivity in adults, low specificity in children.
Abs to EBV Ags: Indirect immunofluorescense assay (IFA) using EBV-infected cells
ELISA techniques using recombinant or synthetic EBV proteins as Ag. |
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Term
| Cytomegalovirus serological test |
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Definition
| Automated EIA with Microtiter plates for screening of blood & organ donors |
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Term
| Cytomegalovirus molecular tests |
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Definition
| PCR amplification (qualitative method) of the CMV DNA to detect virus in: Amniotic fluid or CNS of the immunodeficient hosts (AIDS, organ transplant recipients). RT-PCR (quantitative method) to monitor effectiveness of therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| RT-PCR to avoid false-positives, confirmatory test |
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Term
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Definition
| Solid-phase capture ELISA is more specific methods allowing detection of the IgM rubella Abs |
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Term
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Definition
| used in case of inconclusive serological results PCR and RT-PCR |
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Term
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Definition
| IgM capture ELISA is used for detection of IgM Ab. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immunofluorescense assays, ELISA, solid-phase IgM capture assays indicate present disease (IgM Abs can be detected from 3 days to 12 weeks of the disease) |
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Term
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Definition
| (PCR & RT-PCR) were developed to detect mumps viral RNA |
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Term
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Definition
ELISA. The latest generation of these assays uses the sandwich technique, based on the ability of Ab to bind with more than one Ag. Patient’s serum is added to recombinant HIV proteins (Ag) coated onto the solid phase. After washing, enzyme-labeled HIV Ags are added and bind to the already bound anti-HIV patient’s Abs. Then substrate is added to develop color-changing reaction. This modification allows simultaneous detection of all isotypes of the patient’s Abs. This method has 100% sensitivity and 99.9% specificity.
Western blot: nitrocellulose strips containing HIV protein Ags (from HIV virus culture). During incubation with patient’s serum the anti-HIV Abs (if present) bound to their corresponding Ags. These reactions are detected by adding the enzyme-labeled anti-human globulin Abs & corresponding substrate. Confirmatory test.
HIV antigen detection: detects P24 antigen from the core of the HIV virion, this is replaced by nucleic acid detection. |
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Term
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Definition
| viral load test via PCR and RT-PCR to determine the amount of virus present and whether drug resistance has developed |
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