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Definition
| The study of all aspects of host defense against infection and of adverse consequences of immune responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The early phases of the host response to infection… in which a variety of innate resistance mechanisms recognize and respond to the presence of a pathogen. … present in all individuals at all times, does not increase with repeated exposure. |
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Definition
| The response of antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunologic memory. Also called the “adaptive” response. |
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| Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody. “antibody generators”. |
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| Antigens that can induce antibody production. |
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Definition
| A protein that binds specifically to a particular substance – its antigen. …produced by plasma cells in response to infection or immunization. |
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Definition
| Each antibody molecule has a unique structure that enables it to bind to its corresponding antigen, but all antibodies have the same overall structure and are known collectively as immunoglobulins or Ig’s. |
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Definition
| The study of antibody-antigen interactions in vitro; the science of the preparation, use and properties of serum. |
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Definition
- Has memory.
- Long lasting.
- Has specificity.
- Executed by T lymphocytes and antibodies that are produced by B lymphocytes.
- Commonly initiated by macrophages and dendritic APC's. |
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Term
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Definition
- Has no memory.
- Short lived.
- Physical barriers (skin and mucosa)
- Used by the host to immediately defend itself.
- Determine the quantity and quality of many adaptive immune responses.
Soluble factors:
- Cytokines
- Chemokines
- Complement
- Antimicrobial peptides
Cells:
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
- Natural killer cells
- Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) |
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Term
| Is the innate immunity specific, or non-specific? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anatomic barriers of the innate immunity: |
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Definition
Skin.
Mucus membranes:
- Normal flora.
- Mucus.
- Cilia. |
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Term
| Physiological barriers of the innate immunity: |
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Definition
Temperature.
pH.
Complement. |
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| Phagocytic/Endocytic barriers of the innate immunity: |
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Definition
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| Four cardinal signs of inflammation (innate immunity): |
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Definition
Rubor (redness).
Tumor (swelling).
Calor (heat).
Dolor (pain). |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity are part of: |
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Definition
| Adaptive/Acquired (Specific) Immunity |
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Definition
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Definition
| Highest serum concentration; can cross placenta, can fix complement. |
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Definition
| Low serum concentration; monomers and dimers; high concentration in mucosal linings, saliva, tears (1st line of defense). |
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Definition
| Low concentration in serum, binds to mast cells and basophils causing degranulation; allergy. |
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Definition
| Largest Immunoglobulin; pentamer; 1st antibody in immune response; greatest efficiency at fixing complement. |
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Definition
| Low serum concentration; expressed on B cells during differentiation with IgM. |
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Definition
| Variable region of the antibody. Target binding. |
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Definition
| Constant region of the antibody. Effector functions. |
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Definition
- Reactions/experiments carried out within a living organism.
- Immune response, protection, allergic reactions. |
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Definition
- Reactions/experiments using living cells or cellular components performed outside the intact organism.
- Known antibodies can be used to recognize antigen in unknown sample.
- Known antigen can be used to identify the presence of antibodies in unknown sample
- Labeling/tagging antibodies, enzymes, fluorescent molecules, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Carry oxygen.
No nucleus. |
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Definition
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| Job of Monocytes and Macrophages: |
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Definition
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Definition
Multi-lobed nucleus.
Toxic granules. |
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| Basophils are associated with: |
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Definition
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| Eosinophils are associated with: |
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Definition
Parasitic infections.
Asthma. |
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Term
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Definition
| T and B cells (Acquired Immunity) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphocyte Separation Medium. |
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Term
| Other reagents used for density gradient separation: |
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Definition
Percoll.
Ficoll.
Histopaque. |
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Term
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Definition
An instrument for making cell-based fluorescent measurements.
Method for quantitating cellular or structural components of a cell using fluorescent antibodies or probes.
Analysis of tens of thousands of cells in minutes. |
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Definition
Immunophenotyping.
Sorting of Special Cell Types.
Apoptosis Analysis.
Cell Cycle of Transfected Cells.
Cell Viability Assays.
Cell Cycle Analysis.
Proliferation Analysis.
Cell Counting and Enumeration. |
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Definition
FITC - Green.
PE - Yellow.
perCP - Red. |
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Term
| Why is "blocking" important in flow cytometry? |
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Definition
| To avoid false positives. |
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Term
| Compensation (Flow Cytometry): |
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Definition
Important technique to remove fluorescent cross talk between different detector [color] channels.
Signals from “neighboring” fluorochromes can bleed into nearby channels - this must be accounted for to avoid false positives. |
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Term
| Antibody labeling - Direct labeling: |
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Definition
| Uses one antibody that has a fluorochrome conjugated directly on it. One step staining. Easier. |
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Term
| Antibody labeling - Indirect labeling: |
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Definition
| Uses two antibodies. The first is “against” a specific antigen on the cell. The second antibody is fluorochrome-labeled and is “against” the first. More complicated. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 2-step process (sensitization and lattice formation) where particulate antigens aggregate to form larger complexes when specific antibodies are present. Either the antigen or antibody is soluble, and the other is insoluble. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fit and strength of the antibody-antigen bond – between the Fab portion of an Ig molecule and an epitope – (how specific is the antibody for the antigenic epitope?) |
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Term
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Definition
| Stability of the antibody-antigen complex (once the antibody-antigen lattice is formed, how tightly does it hang on? – the sum of the affinities of each epitope with its antibody) |
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Term
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Definition
- Two subunit molecule (alpha and beta)
- alpha is NOT unique to hCG
- also shared with luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- beta IS unique to hCG |
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Definition
| The combination of soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes. |
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Definition
| Excess of antibody, not enough antigen to bind to them all. |
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Definition
| All antigen and antibody bound to each other. |
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Definition
| Excess of antigen - not enough antibodies to bind all of the antigen. |
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Term
| Factors affecting precipitation (binding of Ag to Ab) |
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Definition
Affinity of Ab.
pH.
Ag and Ab valence.
Electrolyte concentration.
Temperature.
Zone of equivalence, prozone or postzone. |
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Term
| Electrophoresis techniques: |
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Definition
Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis.
Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP).
Counter Immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP).
Immunofixation Electrophoresis.
SDS-PAGE & Western Blot. |
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Term
| Causative agent of Syphilis: |
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Definition
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Term
| Syphilis - Type of bacteria: |
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Definition
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| Syphilis - Routes of Transmission: |
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Definition
Sexual contact.
Blood transfusion.
Placental transfer. |
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Term
| Syphilis - Incubation period: |
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Definition
| 10 days to 3 months, average 3 weeks. |
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Term
| How many stages of Syphilis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Syphilis - Primary Stage: |
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Definition
- Formation of chancre where syphilis entered the body.
- Non-bleeding, painless lesion.
- Increase in lymphocytes, macrophages at site of entry.
- Identification by darkfield microscopy of lesion fluids.
- Spontaneously “heal” without treatment.
- Enlarged lymph nodes.
- Many untreated cases progress to secondary stage. |
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Term
| Syphilis - Secondary Stage: |
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Definition
Typically occurs 5 – 11 weeks after infection.
Systemic dissemination of organism via bloodstream.
Skin rashes (esp. palms and soles) – may or may not be distinguishable (usually non-itching). May resemble rashes from other diseases.
Fever, malaise, pharyngitis, weight loss, lymphadenopathy.
Secondary eruptions – mucous membranes (highly infectious).
Organism infecting many organs:
- Possibly CNS, bones, eyes.
Will spontaneously resolve without treatment.
Without treatment, progression to late stages. |
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Term
| Syphilis - Latent Period (Stage three): |
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Definition
- Early latent period (0 – 4 years after infection)
No signs or symptoms, not infectious.
Positive treponemal and non-treponemal antibody tests.
Relapses into secondary stage may occur and patient becomes infectious.
- Late latent period
Subsequent to early latent period, indefinite duration.
Disease can be detected serologically. |
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Term
| Syphilis - Tertiary Stage: |
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Definition
Typically occurs 2 – 40 years after initial infection.
CNS diseases.
Cardiovascular abnormalities.
Tumors in any organ (gummas).
Many other manifestations. |
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Term
| Tests used to screen for Syphilis: |
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Definition
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Term
| Two major classes of Free Light Chains (FLC's): |
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Definition
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Term
| Can Bence-Jones proteins be detected in urine with the dipstick method? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are Bence-Jones proteins detected? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bence-Jones proteins are also known as: |
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Definition
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Term
| Monoclonal Light Chain Proteinuria (Bence-Jones Proteinuria) is seen in: |
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Definition
Multiple Myeloma.
Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia. |
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Term
| Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia characteristics: |
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Definition
- Rare (~1500 diagnosed/year)
- Average age is 65.
- Median survival time: ~78 months.
- IgM overproduction (paraproteins).
- Paraproteins: normal or abnormal excess production of immunoglobulins or light chains by plasma cells.
- Bone marrow infiltration by plasma cells.
- Organomegaly is common.
- Lytic bony disease is NOT common. |
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Term
| Multiple Myeloma characteristics: |
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Definition
- May start out as MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance)
- Plasma cell leukemia
- Median age 68 (M) and 70 (F)
- 5-year survival rate ~ 32%
- Usually IgG or IgA overproduction by malignant plasma cells
- Paraproteins: normal or abnormal excess production of immunoglobulins or light chains by plasma cells.
- Infiltration of bone marrow by plasma cells.
- Leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia
- The cells may cause lytic lesions and lead to fractures of the bones.
- Organomegaly NOT usually seen. |
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Term
| Lytic Lesions of the bone occur in what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An inappropriate immune response against self-antigens. |
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| Population that is affected by autoimmune diseases: |
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Definition
| About 8% - 78% being women. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): |
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Definition
Fatigue, fever, weight loss
Skin rashes (Butterfly Rash ~40%)
Photosensitivity
Arthritis
Glomerulonephritis
Anemia
Thrombosis
CNS involvement (headaches, seizures, psychoses) |
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Term
| Butterfly Rash is a classic characteristic of what disease? |
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Definition
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) |
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Term
| A homogenous fluorescent staining pattern is a positive indicator for the presence of what disease? |
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Definition
| Systemic Lupus Erythematusus. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis: |
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Definition
Painful red, swollen joints.
- Many joints may be affected. |
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Term
| RF (Rheumatoid Factor) consists of: |
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Definition
| IgM and IgG antibodies that bind the Fc portion of IgG antibodies. |
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