Term
| Where do central tolerance mechanisms occur? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does peripheral tolerance occur? |
|
Definition
| Mature immune cells in secondary lymphoid organs |
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Term
| What cytokine is important for controlling candida infections? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What mutation causes APECED and what does it cause? |
|
Definition
AIRE mutation
Decreased expression of self Ag in the thymus (less IL-17) |
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Term
| What are the immunopriviledged sites? |
|
Definition
| CNS (brain, eye), reproductive organs, placenta |
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|
Term
| What cytokine is responsible for the immunosuppressive environment in immunopriviledged areas? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does central tolerance of T cells occur and how? |
|
Definition
| Thymus: Negative Selection |
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|
Term
| Where does central tolerance of B cells occur? |
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Definition
Primary Lymphoid: Deletion
Bone Marrow: Editing, Anergy |
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Term
| What are the co-stimulatory molecules of B cells and T cells? |
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Definition
B cells: CD40/CD40L
T cells: CD28/B7 |
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Term
| What happens if no co-stimulatory molecules are present? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Why does regulating T cell activation affect T and B cell immune responses? |
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Definition
| T cells express CD40L, the co-stim molecule of B cells |
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|
Term
| When do T cells express CTLA-4 and PD-1? |
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Definition
| After activation (absent on naive) |
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|
Term
| What are the negative co-stimulatory molecules on T cells? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How does CTLA-4 negatively co-stim T cells? |
|
Definition
| transmits signals to the DC via B7 |
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|
Term
| How does PD-1 negatively co-stim T cells? |
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Definition
| Blocks PI-3 Kinase and competes with CD28 |
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|
Term
| What inhibitory phosphotases do CTLA-4 and PD-1 recruit? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the negative receptors on B cells that downregulate B cell expression? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Fcgamma IIB receptors promote? |
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Definition
| Down-regulation of humoral immune response where enough Ag-specific Ab is produced |
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|
Term
| What are the Regulatory Cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokines down-regulate T effector responses? |
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Definition
| IL-10, TGF-b (from Tr1 and Th3) |
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Term
| What can down-regulate Th1 mediated inflammation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the actions of TGF-b? |
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Definition
Inhibits Th1 and Th2 effector T cells
Promotes Treg cells and Th17 cells (with IL-6) |
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|
Term
| What are natural T reg cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed from naive cells in the periphery |
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|
Term
| What mutation causes IPEX and what does it cause? |
|
Definition
FoxP3 expression
No suppressive function due to decreased CD4+CD25+ cells |
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|
Term
| What is regulatory tolerance vs deletional tolerance? |
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Definition
Regulatory: Dominant; activation of auto cells inhibited by Treg due to IL-10 and TGF-b
Deletional: Recessive; auto T cells are deleted in Thymus, but can escape and activate |
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Term
| What is passive cell death vs active cell death? |
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Definition
Passive: Death due to lack/stop of growth factor or Ag withdrawal
Active: Death due to chronic signaling |
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|
Term
| What is the "death receptor?" |
|
Definition
FAS
FAS/FASL stimulates caspase activation |
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Term
| What defect causes ALPS and what is the result? |
|
Definition
FAS/FASL mutation
Failure for apoptotic death of auto B and T cells |
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Term
| What is molecular mimicry? |
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Definition
| Pathogen and self tissue receptors are similar so that both are attacked upon lymphocyte activation |
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Term
| What mediates the clearance of immune complexes? |
|
Definition
| Fc receptors and Complement components |
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|
Term
| What is Bystander activation? |
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Definition
| Inflammational state causes B71/2 expression to increase, causing self-reactive cells in the area to be able to activate due to the co-stimulatory signals. |
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Term
| What hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgG? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by T cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What hypersensitivity reaction has Mast Cells as the effector mechanism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes naive T cells to differentiate into TH2 cells? |
|
Definition
| IL-4 and GATA-3 influence |
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|
Term
| What is the heavy chain of IgE? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of IgE? |
|
Definition
| Parasitic infections and Immediate hypersensitivity |
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|
Term
| What do activated TH2 cells secrete during the sensitization phase? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate in the sensitization phase? |
|
Definition
| B cell differentiation into plasma cells and isotype switch to IgE |
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|
Term
| Why is low serum concentrations acceptable for IgE? |
|
Definition
| It binds with high affinity to FcεRI on Mast cells and basophils |
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|
Term
| During which phase of immediate hypersensitivity do Mast Cells degranulate? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What proteins and granules are released in the immediate phase of the effector phase? |
|
Definition
Histamine
Serotonin
Tryptase and Chymase
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins |
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|
Term
| What proteins and granules are released in the Late phase of the effector phase? |
|
Definition
Cytokines:
IL-1 and TNF-alpha (local inflammation)
IL-4 (Switch to IgE)
IL-5 (eosinophil produciton)
IL-13 (mucus)
Chemokines:
CCL1 (eosinophil attraction) |
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|
Term
| What causes remodeling of the connective tissue matrix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Ig isotype utilizes neutralization? |
|
Definition
| Mostly IgA and various IgG |
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|
Term
| What Ig isotype utilizes opsonization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Ig isotype utilizes Complement activation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What method is best for killing pyogenic bacteria and worms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What method is best used for eliminating organisms with polysaccharide capsules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are humoral immune responses effective at eliminating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most effective adaptive immune response against endocytic pathogens? |
|
Definition
TH1 CD4+ cells
IFN-gamma activates MOs |
|
|
Term
| What is the most effective adaptive immune response against cytoplasmic pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different antigenic variated glycoproteins of influenza? |
|
Definition
Hemagglutanin (HA)
Neraminidase (NA) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Antigenic Drift and Antigenic Shift? |
|
Definition
Drift: Point mutation (seasonal epidemics)
Shift: Reassortment of RNA genome (pandemics) |
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|
Term
| How do worms evade the immune systme? |
|
Definition
Induction of immunosuppressive cytokines:
IL-10 and TGFb |
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|
Term
| What are passive and active immunization? |
|
Definition
Passive: Ag-specific Abs given in serum for short-term immunity
Active: Live/killed organism administered for long-term immunity |
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|
Term
| What is a toxoid vaccine? |
|
Definition
| Modified toxins that have a denatured toxic chain with an intact receptor-binding chain. |
|
|
Term
| What type of response does a conjugate vaccine elicit? |
|
Definition
| Humoral Response: TH2 CD4+ T cells stimulated to help polysaccharide-specific B cells secrete Abs. |
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Term
| What is one way to allow for a good cell-mediated immune protection in a vaccine? |
|
Definition
Priming of TH1 cells to promote APCs to secrete IL-12.
USE ADJUVANTS
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|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immuno-stimulatory agents that contain microbial components that will help stimulate TH1 response to secrete IL-12.
Help prolong/enhance/accelerate the vaccine Ags. |
|
|
Term
| What cells make active immunization long term? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the Jennerian method of vaccination work? |
|
Definition
| Non-disease causing strain of virus from another species causes cross-reactive Ags to protect against infection. |
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|
Term
| How does long term passage vaccination work? |
|
Definition
| Multiple mutations are induced via repetitive, random, serial passages until it becomes avirulent. |
|
|
Term
| How does inactivated organism vaccination work? |
|
Definition
| Organisms are killed via formaldehyde with structural antigenicity preserved. |
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|
Term
| How do Sabin and Salk vaccinations differ? |
|
Definition
Sabin: active, mutated vaccination (live)
Salk: innactive, safer (dead) |
|
|
Term
| How are subunit vaccination made? |
|
Definition
| Selective components of the natural organism are used for vaccination. |
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|
Term
| Why are polysaccharides useful for stimulating B cells? |
|
Definition
| They are T cell independent Ags, so they can prime B cells without T help! |
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|
Term
| Why do children younger than 2 respond poorly to T cell Independent polysaccharides? |
|
Definition
| Their B cells require T cell help to differentiate into plasma cells and mount effective IgG responses |
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|
Term
| How is the inability of children less than 2 yo to mount a TI response of B cells overcome? |
|
Definition
| chemically conjugating specific capsular polysaccharides to carrier proteins so CD4+ T cells release cytokines and B cells differentiate into plasma cells. |
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|
Term
| How are toxoid vaccines created? |
|
Definition
| The toxic chain is chemically innactivated but the receptor-binding function is left intact. Prevents toxin from binding to and entering host cells. |
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|
Term
| What cells are stimulated for a good cell-mediated immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of TH1 and CTL in cell-mediated immunity? |
|
Definition
TH1: clear pathogens in vaculoules of phagocytic cells (MOs)
CTL: Clearance of pathogens, especially viruses, infecting host cells. |
|
|
Term
| Why are live attentuated virus vaccines able to induce effective CTL priming? |
|
Definition
| They can infect host cell cytosol and cause MHCI expression |
|
|
Term
| Why does LPS and CpG DNA work well in stimulating TH1 response? |
|
Definition
| They stimulate DCs to secrete IL-12 to active naive T cells into TH1 cells |
|
|
Term
| What type of response does the adjuvant alum elicit? |
|
Definition
| TH2 response (Ab responses) |
|
|
Term
| How do adjuvants help vaccines? |
|
Definition
Activating APCs (especially DCs) to release cytokines that promote T cell activation.
Prolonging the period of Ag release for more memory T cells. |
|
|
Term
| What type of response will combining a vaccine with IL-12 create? |
|
Definition
| TH1 cell (fails to ilicit enough memory cells) |
|
|
Term
| What cytokines are being investigated to combine with vaccines to promote long-lived memory T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells and cytokines are found expressed in patients that have been infected with worms? What does this cause? |
|
Definition
Cells: Tregs
Cytokines: IL-10 and TGF-b
Down-regulation of all immune responses. |
|
|
Term
| What cells are recruited for first set and second set rejection? |
|
Definition
First Set: Memory T and B cells
Second Set: CD4+ T-helper cells
|
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for first set and second set rejection? |
|
Definition
First set: 7-14 days
Second set: accelerated rejection |
|
|
Term
| When do hyperacute, acute, and chronic rejections occur? |
|
Definition
Hyperacute: minutes - hours
Acute: 2-14 days
Chronic: months |
|
|
Term
| What response causes chronic rejection? |
|
Definition
| Cell-mediated (TH1 and CTL) and Humoral (Ab-mediated) |
|
|
Term
| How do T cell, B cell, phagocytic, and Complement deficiency susceptibility to infection differ? |
|
Definition
T cell: susceptible to everything
B cell: susceptible to bacterial and viral infections that have part of life in extracellular environment
Phagocytic: bacterial and fungal infections
Complement: bacterial and Neisseria infections (MAC) |
|
|
Term
| What will HLA-DM deficiency cause? |
|
Definition
| They act to catalyze the release of CLIP on MHCII formation. A deficiency will cause a decrease in MHC II |
|
|
Term
| What will IL-4 deficiency cause? |
|
Definition
| Decrease in TH2 cells => less IgE, eosinophils, mucous |
|
|
Term
| What will a lck deficiency cause? |
|
Definition
| Inefficient pre-T cell receptors => T cell development defect |
|
|
Term
| What are TAP1, TAP2, LCK, and ZAP70 used for? |
|
Definition
MHC I Development
CD8+ Development |
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