Term
| What should be asked for any immunodiagnostic test? |
|
Definition
| Does this test detect Ab or Ag? |
|
|
Term
| What does the interpretation of results of immunodiagnostic tests d/o? |
|
Definition
| What is being detected in the test |
|
|
Term
| What does the presence of Ab indicate? |
|
Definition
| Exposure to an agent (not necessarily current infection/dz) |
|
|
Term
| What does detection of Ag indicate? |
|
Definition
| Detecting the agent (or part of it) in the sample; inf but not necessarily dz |
|
|
Term
| What indicates an animal has a dz due to an agent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measurement of Ag-Ab interactions for diagnostic purposes (Usually refers to detection of Ab in serum, using a known Ag) |
|
|
Term
| What are serologic assays/serodiagnostic tests b/o? |
|
Definition
| Specific Ag-Ab interactions |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic mechanism of serodiagnostic tests? |
|
Definition
| Detection of unknown reactant (Ab) in body fluids by using a known reactant (Ag) or vice versa |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for serodiagnostic tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can immunodiagnostic tests detect Ab to? |
|
Definition
| Microbes, Toxins, Allergens, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is Ab detection good for? |
|
Definition
| Confirm results of other tests; Detecting exposure to infectious agents; Safety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serum often does not contain the infectious agent of interest; rather Ab to the agent |
|
|
Term
| Some pathogens, such as West Nile virus, req. a ______ in order to culture them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is looking for Ab to BSL3 agents a biohazard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the uses of immunodiagnostic tests? |
|
Definition
| Detect Ab; Quantify amt of Ab/Ag; Identify infectious agents; Monitor pathogen exposure; Monitor vacc. Ab titers; ID & measure amts of proteins/hormones/drug lvl in serum; Type tissue/bood/tumors; ID CD mols for classification/follow-up of leukemias & lymphomas; ID tumor Ags & auto Abs; ID specific cells of immune response; Surveillance |
|
|
Term
| Surveillance: ______; What can be done retrospectively to investigate illnesses/outbreaks if serum from pts was frozen back? |
|
Definition
| Prevalence of exposure to an infectious agent in a pop; Serosurveys |
|
|
Term
| What is the basis for a variety of immunologic or immunodiagnostic tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic of Ag-Ab interactions on which immunologic/immunodiagnostic tests are based? |
|
Definition
| Abs only react w/ their specific Ag, so there should be an exact (lock & key) fit btw them |
|
|
Term
| What is the Ag-Ab interaction affected by? |
|
Definition
| Forces of attraction; Concentration of Ag & Ab |
|
|
Term
| In which immunodiagnostic tests is concentration of Ag & Ab particularly important? |
|
Definition
| Precipitation & Agglutination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay |
|
|
Term
| What is used to measure the amt of Ab in the serum? |
|
Definition
| Serum dilutions (Titration) |
|
|
Term
| What is a titer used to quantify? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reciprocal of the highest dilution of a serum sample that gives a positive test result/reaction to the known Ag of interest in an immunologic test |
|
|
Term
| What happens after one more dilution in the series after a titer? |
|
Definition
| Can no longer detect the Ab |
|
|
Term
| What titers are sometimes determined by starting with an Ab to the Ag? |
|
Definition
| Virus titers in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What are common starting points for serial dilutions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is visualized in an ELISA test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of Ab detection methods. |
|
Definition
| Ppt or Aggln of Ag-Ab complexes; ELISA |
|
|
Term
| What is visualized in Ppt/Aggln tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a color change in an ELISA test signify? |
|
Definition
| Ab was detected @ that dilution |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of immunodiagnostic tests? |
|
Definition
| Primary & Secondary Binding Tests |
|
|
Term
| What do primary binding tests measure? |
|
Definition
| Directly measure binding of Ag to Ab in vitro. Either the Ab or Ag needs to be labeled w/ something detectable. |
|
|
Term
| What can be used as labels in primary binding tests? |
|
Definition
| Fluorescent dyes, Enzymes, Radioisotopes |
|
|
Term
| What do secondary binding tests measure? |
|
Definition
| Results of Ag-Ab interactions in vitro; Results include ppt or aggln of Ag-Ab complexes; cell lyses. |
|
|
Term
| Are primary or secondary binding tests more sensitive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are primary or secondary binding tests easier to perform? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some test samples for in vitro tests? |
|
Definition
| Serum, Body cavity fluids, Other fluids, Cells or tissues to probe w/ Ab when looking for Ag |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Top fraction after blood sample clots (Contains proteins & Ab, but no cells or clotting factors) |
|
|
Term
| What body cavity fluids can be test samples for in vitro tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other fluids can be used as test samples for in vitro tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some cells or tissues to probe w/ Ab when looking for Ag? |
|
Definition
| Whole blood in anticoagulant, Tissue sections on dead/euthanized animals for biopsy |
|
|
Term
| What does whole blood in anti-coagulant contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a MoAb? What is it usually made in? |
|
Definition
| Ab produced from a single B cell clone; Mouse |
|
|
Term
| What must be done each time a test is done? |
|
Definition
| Run a known positive & a known negative control |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 categories of primary binding tests? |
|
Definition
| Immunofluorescence assays; Immunoenzyme assays |
|
|
Term
| What are some reagents used in immunodiagnostic tests? |
|
Definition
| Complement, PoAb, MoAb, Antiglobulins, Antiserum |
|
|
Term
| What is complement? Which type is the most efficient in hemolytic tests? |
|
Definition
| A normal constituent of all fresh serum; Fresh, unheated guinea pig serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple B cell clones make Ab to diff. epitopes of an Ag (could be microbe or part of a microbe or allergen); Many Abs of diff. specificity to diff epitopes generated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abs to Abs; can either be PoAb or MoAb; Made agsint immunoglobulins of diff. spp. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood serum containing Abs specific against Ags (one or more) |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of anti-serum. |
|
Definition
| Tetanus anti-serum; Snake venom anti-serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some immunofluorescence assays. |
|
Definition
| Direct & Indirect FloAb Tests |
|
|
Term
| Name some immunoenzyme assays. |
|
Definition
| ELISA, Western Blot, Immunohistochemistry |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 types of Secondary Binding Tests. |
|
Definition
| Ppt Tests; Aggln Tests; Neutralization Tests; Complement Fixation Tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a type of Aggln Test. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a common fluorochrome used to label Ab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Direct FloAb Test detect? Indirect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the unknown in Direct FA? Indirect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Direct FA performed? |
|
Definition
| Fix Ag from culture or specimen to slide; Apply specific Ab-FITC conjugate; Read (Fluorescence microscope) |
|
|
Term
| How is indirect FA performed? |
|
Definition
| Fix known Ag to slide; Add serum to slide; Apply specific anti-species Ig-FITC conjugate; Read |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Green fluorescing fluorochrome commonly used to label Ab |
|
|
Term
| What type of immunodiagnostic test can be used to detect BVDV in bovine blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus |
|
|
Term
| How is DFA done for BVDV detection? |
|
Definition
| Incubate pt blood containing virus w/ cultured cells; Probe w/ Fluorescent-conjugated Ab to BVDV |
|
|
Term
| What is a positive result for Direct FloAb? Indirect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a negative direct FloAb result for BVDV indicate? |
|
Definition
| Cow does not have detectable BVDV in blood |
|
|
Term
| What type of immunodiagnostic test can be done to detect rabies virus in the brain of a rabid animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in a DFA for Rabies virus? |
|
Definition
| Ab detects rabies virus Ag in the brain of animal |
|
|
Term
| What is done to detect Ab against PRRSV in swine serum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome Virus |
|
|
Term
| How is IFA done to detect PRRSV? |
|
Definition
| Infect cell culture w/ PRRSV; Incubate pig serum w/ infected cultured cells; Probe w/ Fluorescent-conjugated anti-pig IgG |
|
|
Term
| What type of immunodiagnostic test is ANA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ANA IFA detecting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ANA used to diagnose? |
|
Definition
| Autoimmune dz in dogs; Lupus |
|
|
Term
| How many wells does an ELISA plate usually have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are wells of an ELISA plate first coated w? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is added to the Ag coated wells of an ELISA plate? |
|
Definition
| Pt's serum (contains Ab) is added & incubated |
|
|
Term
| Is it possible to test more than one pt's serum on an ELISA plate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can a titer be determined using ELISA? |
|
Definition
| Run serial dilutions of pt's serum on the plate |
|
|
Term
| Outline the steps of ELISA. |
|
Definition
| Coat well w/ Ag; Add serum; Wash off all unbound Ab; Add secondary Ab (conjugated w/ enzyme); Wash; Add substrate; Look for a color change |
|
|
Term
| What is one type of secondary Ab conjugate used in ELISA tests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a color change in ELISA indicate? |
|
Definition
| The pt's serum contains Ab to the Ag |
|
|
Term
| What is Ag capture ELISA used to detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the unknown in an Ag Capture ELISA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outline the steps of Ag Capture ELISA. |
|
Definition
| Coat wells w/ specific Ab; Add sample; Wash; Add Ab (conjugated w/ enzyme) specific for Ag being tested; Wash; Add substrate & look for color change |
|
|
Term
| What is Western Blot used to identify? |
|
Definition
| Protein: Specific protein Ags in a complex protein mixture, or specific Ab to a know protein Ag |
|
|
Term
| Outline the steps of Western Blot. |
|
Definition
| Electrophoreses; Blotting; Probing; Wash; Color Change or Radioactivity |
|
|
Term
| What does electrophoreses of protein mixture on gel do? |
|
Definition
| Separate out all the individual proteins by size & charge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transferring protein bands to an immobilizing paper (nitrocellulose) |
|
|
Term
| What are the probes in Western Blots? |
|
Definition
| Specific labeled Ab or Patient's serum |
|
|
Term
| What may the Ab probe be labeled w/ in Western Blot? |
|
Definition
| Enzyme or Radioactive isotope |
|
|
Term
| What is observed in a Western blot? |
|
Definition
| Color change or radioactivity |
|
|
Term
| What immunodiagnostic test could be done to determine if a dog has IgE/allergy to soy protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most widely used enzyme in IHC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is being detected in IHC? |
|
Definition
| Specific Ag in tissue sections |
|
|
Term
| What is used to detect Ag in IHC? |
|
Definition
| Ab conjugated to an enzyme |
|
|
Term
| What is done with the tissue section in IHC? |
|
Definition
| Treated w/ enzyme-labeled Ab, washed, incubated w/ enzyme substrate --> color change where Ab bound Ag |
|
|
Term
| What is visualized in IHC when Ab binds Ag? |
|
Definition
| Color change (brown); can visualize using a conventional light microscope |
|
|
Term
| What controls are used in IHC? |
|
Definition
| Irrelevant Ab; Normal section of tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an irrelevant Ab for IHC? |
|
Definition
| Ab that does not recognize any Ag of interest |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal section of tissue used for in IHC control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abs combine w/ soluble Ags in sol'n or gel; resulting complexes may ppt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If Ags are particulate, then Abs may make them clump or aggln |
|
|
Term
| Name some Ags that are particulate (larger than ppt) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do neutralization tests do? |
|
Definition
| Estimate the ability of Ab to neutralize the biological activity of an Ag when mixed w/ it in vitro |
|
|
Term
| What is a complement fixation test? |
|
Definition
| If an Ab can activate the classical complement p'way & the Ag is on a cell surface, then cell lysis may result |
|
|
Term
| What does the ppt in a ppt test consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if a sol'n of soluble Ag is mixed w/ Ab to it? |
|
Definition
| The mixture becomes cloudy & finally a ppt forms |
|
|
Term
| What is the amt of ppt that develops in a ppt test determined by? |
|
Definition
| Relative proportions of Ab to Ag |
|
|
Term
| What is a zone of equivalence? |
|
Definition
| Where there is an approximately = ratio of Ag & Ab; Promotes maximal Ag-Ab binding; Best for cross-linking of multivalent Ags by their specific Abs |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the zone of equivalence? |
|
Definition
| Good lattice formation; Ppt can be visualized |
|
|
Term
| In a ppt test, what are the resulting Ag-Ab complexes manifested as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where there is Ab excess relative to Ag & poor lattice formation occurs; Can't visualize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where there is Ag excess relative to Ab & poor lattice formation occurs; can't visualize |
|
|
Term
| At least _____ increase from A to C indicates active inf. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What result is seen in the Zone of Equivalence? Prezone & Postzone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 types of immunodiffusion tests. |
|
Definition
| Double & Radial Immunodiffusion |
|
|
Term
| In double immunodiffusion, what is the center well filled w? The other wells? |
|
Definition
| Soluble EIAV Protein Ag; Serum from pt's (horses) |
|
|
Term
| What question is being asked in double immunodiffusion? |
|
Definition
| Does the pt's serum contain Ab to the Ag we put in the center well? |
|
|
Term
| How do the reactants diffuse in double immunodiffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In double immunodiffusion, what forms where the reactants meet in optimal proportions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In double immunodiffusion, what is the term for the area where reactants meet in optimal proportions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test is used to detect Ab to EIAV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Coggin's Test used to detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of immunodiagnostic test is the Coggin's test? |
|
Definition
| Ppt (Double Immunodiffusion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equine Infectious Anemia Virus |
|
|
Term
| In the Coggin's Test, where is the highest conc of Ag? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be done if the Coggin's test is + for EIAV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the wells are loaded in the Coggin's Test? |
|
Definition
| Protein Ag diffuses out from center; Ab in each serum sample diffuses out |
|
|
Term
| In a Coggin's Test, what happens if the pt's serum contains Ab specific for EIAV Ag? |
|
Definition
| Line of ppt will form where optimal proportions of Ag & Ab meet |
|
|
Term
| What is incorporated throughout the agar in radial immunodiffusion? |
|
Definition
| Specific antiserum (Ab) in a uniform concentration |
|
|
Term
| In radial immunodiffusion, what is placed in the well? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Radial immunodiffusion, what forms around the Ag well? |
|
Definition
| Ring of ppt where optimal proportions of Ag & Ab meet |
|
|
Term
| What is the diameter/area of the ppt ring related to in radial immunodiffusion? |
|
Definition
| Directly to amt of Ag added to well/concentration of Ag (mg/dl) |
|
|
Term
| In radial immunodiffusion, what can be constructed using known amts of Ag? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be quantified with a standard curve in radial immunodiffusion? |
|
Definition
| Unknown solutions/level of Ag |
|
|
Term
| Can the Ag be Ab in radial immunodiffusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the catch phrase for radial immunodiffusion? |
|
Definition
| ''Ab in gel; Ag in well'' |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of Passive Transfer |
|
|
Term
| What can be used to detect FPT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radial immunodiffusion is a ______ assay. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In detecting FPT, what is in the agarose in the radial immunodiffusion test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In radial immunodiffusion for FPT, what is added to the wells? |
|
Definition
| Standards w/ known IgG @ diff conc's; Pt serum added to 1 well |
|
|
Term
| What allows Abs to cross-link particulate Ags? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Ags can Abs cross-link? What does this result in? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria, Foreign RBCs; Clumping/Aggln |
|
|
Term
| Abs differ in their ability to cause _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is more efficient than _____ @ causing aggln, because _____. |
|
Definition
| IgM; IgG; 10 binding sites (pentameric) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conc of Ab relative to Ag |
|
|
Term
| In aggln tests, what can happen if there is excess Ab? What can also cause this result? |
|
Definition
| Each particle may be coated w/ Ab & inhibit aggln (prozone); inability of Ab to cause aggln (non-agglutinating Ab) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When particulate Ags w/ multiple epitopes on their surface bind w/ specific Ab mol's to these epitopes to form aggl's or clumps |
|
|
Term
| What do aggln tests rely on? |
|
Definition
| Formation of lattices of particles that are visible either micro- or macroscopically as small aggregates or clumping |
|
|
Term
| Where do particulate Ags occur? |
|
Definition
| Naturally on RBCs; Bacterial cell surfaces; Commercially prepared Ag-coated inert carrier particles (latex beads) |
|
|
Term
| What is an agglutination rxn when the carrier particle is an RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can aggln methods be performed? |
|
Definition
| Glass slides, small tubes, microtiter plates |
|
|
Term
| What are Aggln tests used for? |
|
Definition
| Detect unknown Ags found in clinical samples; ID bacteria using known anti-sera; Detect/Quantitate circulating agglutinating Abs found in pt's serum by using known particulate Ags, such as foreign RBCs (or a known bacteria that agglutinates) |
|
|
Term
| Can aggln tests be used to determine titers? |
|
Definition
| Some - Hemagglutination tests using RBCs can be used (Determine highest serum dilution that causes aggln) |
|
|
Term
| Dilutions: 1/2, ____, ___, ___, ___, ___. |
|
Definition
| 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32, 1/64 |
|
|
Term
| What type of test can be used to detect Ab to B. canis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outline the aggln test for detecting Ab to B. canis. |
|
Definition
| Whole bacteria on card; Serum added; Abs to B. canis cause aggln. |
|
|
Term
| What does clumping or aggln indicate in a B. canis aggln test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test can be used to detect rheumatoid factor in canines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outline the latex aggln test for detecting RF. |
|
Definition
| Latex beads coated w/ Ab (normal dog IgG); Add dog serum to beads |
|
|
Term
| What is being detected in a latex aggln test for RF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does clumping/aggln indicate in a latex aggln test for RF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is 1 type of HA test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What naturally has the ability to attach to surface Rs of animal RBCs? What animals? |
|
Definition
| Some viruses (mumps, rubella, influenza, porcine parvovirus); Sheep, Guinea pig |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RBCs sensitized w/ Ag; React w/ pt serum; Ag-Ab complexes on surface of RBCs allow aggln of RBCs (HA) |
|
|
Term
| In an HA test, what does HA indicate? |
|
Definition
| Presence of specific Ab in the pt's serum |
|
|
Term
| In the HA test, what does the virus naturally do to RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used in the HI test? |
|
Definition
| Known viruses that not only attach to RBCs, but also aggln RBCs (HA viruses) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemagglutination Inhibition |
|
|
Term
| What is indicated by aggln in an HA test? |
|
Definition
| Serum contains Ab to the virus |
|
|
Term
| What is the test of choice for Dx of IMHA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the Coomb's test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Coomb's Test to Dx IMHA, what is tested? What is looked for? |
|
Definition
| Test for Ab on the surface of RBCs (anti-erythrocyte Abs); Look for aggln of RBCs |
|
|
Term
| In a Coomb's Test for IMHA, what does aggln indicate? |
|
Definition
| RBCs are coated w/ autoAb (+ result) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indirect test for detecting Abs against specific viruses that can aggln RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of HI based on? |
|
Definition
| Inhibition of viral HA by specific Abs in serum |
|
|
Term
| What is combined in an HI test? |
|
Definition
| Dilutions of pt serum, known virus, & defined amt of RBCs |
|
|
Term
| In the HI test, what happens in the presence of specific Abs? |
|
Definition
| Virus Rs are blocked, & HA ability of virus is inhibited |
|
|
Term
| What is a + result in an HI test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen in a + HI test? |
|
Definition
| Pellet of RBC settles to bottom after centrifugation of micro-titer plate (No HA) |
|
|
Term
| In the HI test, what happens in the absence of specific Abs? |
|
Definition
| Virus causes HA; - result |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in a - HI test? |
|
Definition
| RBCs do not settle w/ centrifugation b/c of the lattice formation w/ virus-coated RBCs (HA) |
|
|
Term
| What do hemagglutinating viruses form? |
|
Definition
| Bridge btw RBCs, creating a lattice of RBCs |
|
|
Term
| When is a serum neutralization test used? |
|
Definition
| To search the presence of Abs in pt serum that neutralize viruses a/o bacterial toxins |
|
|
Term
| What living cell systems are inoculated in neutralization tests? With what? |
|
Definition
| Cell cultures, embryonated eggs, lab animals; Mixture of serum (Ab) & Ag (viruses or toxins) |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the presence of neutralizing Abs? |
|
Definition
| Virus Rs or toxins are blocked by Abs, & the expected effects have not been produced |
|
|
Term
| What effects are not seen in the presence of neutralizing Ab? Is this a + or - result? |
|
Definition
| No cytopathic effect in cell cultures; No lesion production in embryonated eggs; No CS or death in animals; + results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SN tests are highly ____ & very ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an SN test. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a BVDV SN test detect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is indicated when no cell lysis of kidney cells is observed in a BVDV SN Test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is indicated when cell lysis of kidney cells is observed in a BVDV SN Test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used as an indicator in CFT? |
|
Definition
| Sensitized RBCs (will be lysed in the presence of complement) |
|
|
Term
| What can sensitized RBCs do in CFT? |
|
Definition
| Activate complement which generates MAC resulting in RBC membrane disruption & hemolysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In CFT, what can hemolysis be used to measure? |
|
Definition
| Complement-fixing serum Ab levels to a known Ag |
|
|
Term
| In CFT, what fixes complement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the Ag-Ab complex fixes complement? |
|
Definition
| It is unavailable to lyse the sensitized RBCs |
|
|
Term
| In CFT what is a + result? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can CFT be used to determine titers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outline the steps of CFT. |
|
Definition
| Ag mixed w/ test serum to be assayed for Ab; Standard amt of complement from guinea pig added; Erythrocytes from healthy animals coated w/ Abs (sensitized RBCs = indicator cells) added; Observe for hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| In CFT, what does hemolysis indicate? No hemolysis? |
|
Definition
| - test for Ab; + test for Ab |
|
|
Term
| What test can be used to detect Anaplasma marginale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most prevalent tick-borne pathogen of cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is acute serum collected? Convalescent? |
|
Definition
| Early after onset of illness; 14-21 days later |
|
|
Term
| With acute v. convalescent serum testing, the samples must be tested _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| + Test result that correctly IDs a + animal; a property of the test; does not mean all TP in a pop as determined by gold standard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A - test result that correctly IDs a - animal; a property of the test; does not mean all TN animals in a pop as determined by gold standard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A + test result that is incorrect; ID - animal as + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A - test result that is incorrect; ID a + animal as - |
|
|
Term
| What is the calculation for Sensitivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the calculation for specificity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sensitivity of a test? |
|
Definition
| Proportion/% of dz animals that test + w/ the test |
|
|
Term
| What is the specificity of a test? |
|
Definition
| Proportion/% of non-dz animal that test - |
|
|
Term
| What is wanted when screening animals for a condition that is very important not to miss + animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of test will ID almost all of the + animals? What else will it do? |
|
Definition
| High sensitivity/Low Specificity; incorrectly ID some - as + |
|
|
Term
| What type of test is wanted to re-test any + in a screening test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a high specificity test help do? |
|
Definition
| ID FP in a screening test as actually being - |
|
|
Term
| What is the ability of a test to correctly ID +s? -s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of test is wanted when testing human blood for HIV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of test is wanted to re-test HIV-Ab positive results? |
|
Definition
| High Specificity (Western Blot) |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of Brucellosis in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the initial screening test for Brucellosis in cattle? Then? |
|
Definition
| Ab test w/ High Sensitivity; Culture w/ High specificity |
|
|
Term
| What was the cowpox vacc used for? |
|
Definition
| Protect people against smallpox virus |
|
|
Term
| What vacc is an example of cross-reactivity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outline the Hx of Smallpox vacc. |
|
Definition
| Cowpox --> Vaccinia --> No vacc |
|
|
Term
| ''vacca'' is latin for _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does smallpox have an animal reservoir? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Safe, Effective, Inexpensive to produce, Stable, Easy to admin, Long-lasting strong immunity, no SE, immune response to vacc distinguishable from natural exposure |
|
|
Term
| Why is it ideal to be able to differentiate btw immune response to vacc & natural exposure to pathogen? |
|
Definition
| So that immunization & eradication may proceed simultaneously |
|
|
Term
| What are some advantages of active immunization compared w/ passive? |
|
Definition
| Prolonged period of protection; Memory response after boosting |
|
|
Term
| What needs to happen w/ a vacc? |
|
Definition
| Ag must be delivered efficiently; T & B cells must be stimulated to generate large #s of memory cells; Helper & Effector T Cells must be generated to several epitopes of the pathogen so that individual variations in MHC II polymorphism & epitope properties are minimized |
|
|
Term
| What may need to be accepted w/ vacc? |
|
Definition
| Balance btw safety & antigenicity |
|
|
Term
| Ag must be delivered efficiently: |
|
Definition
| APCs process & release appropriate cytokines; use of proper adjuvants (depots) |
|
|
Term
| What are ''killed'' vacc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Viral or Intracellular bacterium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conditions in lab that decrease virulence (attenuate) |
|
|
Term
| How many epitopes does an MLV have? |
|
Definition
| Many; entire org. can replicate |
|
|
Term
| In MLV, what does the vacc org do? |
|
Definition
| Infects host cells & undergoes replication |
|
|
Term
| Is an adjuvant needed for MLV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What persists in the host longer - MLV or Killed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With MLV, infected cells process _______ & present _____ via __________. |
|
Definition
| Endogenous Ag; Ag; MHC I mol's |
|
|
Term
| MLV trigger a response dominated by _______ (a _____ response). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is MLV hazardous? Why/Why not? |
|
Definition
| Can be; Vacc agent may itself cause some dz a/o a persistent inf |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for MLV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of MLV? |
|
Definition
| BCG strain of M. bovis (vacc against human M. tb); B. anthracis field strain grown in CO2; Mammalian viruses grown in eggs; Canine distemper; Temp-sensitive mutants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growing field strain of M. bovis in bile-saturated medium for 13 yrs |
|
|
Term
| What vacc protects cattle against M. bovis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does growing B. anthracis in CO2 do? |
|
Definition
| Causes it to lose its ability to form a capsule & exposes Ags that are more immunogenic |
|
|
Term
| What is canine distemper virus grown in for MLV? |
|
Definition
| Kidney cells (rather than lymphocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What are temp-sensitive mutants (MLV)? |
|
Definition
| Grow @ low temp & used as intranasal vacc. |
|
|
Term
| What are inactivated vacc composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do inactivated/killed vacc act as? What type of response do they stimulate? |
|
Definition
| Exogenous Ag; thus engulfed & processed by APCs & presented via MHCII, thus stimulating a Th2 dominated response |
|
|
Term
| For what types of organisms is an MHC-II, Th2-dominated response not ideal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can killed vacc cause dz? |
|
Definition
| No, but may be SEs to adjuvants |
|
|
Term
| What is a vacc composed of killed bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has more epitopes, MLV or Bacterin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do killed vacc offer cross-protection? |
|
Definition
| Strain-specific, therefore may not (Some bacterins may contain several strains of bacteria) |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of killed vacc. |
|
Definition
| Canine Lepto; Autologous bacterins |
|
|
Term
| Is an adjuvant needed for killed vacc? |
|
Definition
| Yes; to maintain Ag exposure to the immune sys, otherwise Ag will be degraded too fast to stimulate a good response |
|
|
Term
| What are some methods used to obtain killed vacc? |
|
Definition
| Should kill org w/o challenging Antigenic structure; Formaldehyde, Alkylating Agents |
|
|
Term
| What does formaldehyde do to inactivated vacc? |
|
Definition
| Cross-links proteins & NAs resulting in structural rigidity, thus may not mirror native epitopes |
|
|
Term
| What do alkylating agents do? |
|
Definition
| Cross-link NA chains, halting replication, but maintaining surface proteins unchanged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Substances that can enhance the body's response to the vacc (esp. killed vacc Ags); Essential for long-term memory to be established to soluble Ags |
|
|
Term
| What are depot adjuvants? |
|
Definition
| Protect Ags from rapid degradation & therefore prolong immune response |
|
|
Term
| What are depot adjuvants? |
|
Definition
| Protect Ags from rapid degradation & therefore prolong immune response |
|
|
Term
| What is the most widely used type of adjuvant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of depot adjuvants. |
|
Definition
| Aluminum salts; Water-in-oil (Freund's incomplete adjuvant) |
|
|
Term
| What does water-in-oil/Freund's incomplete adjuvant do? |
|
Definition
| Promotes activation of Th1 cells |
|
|
Term
| What are particulate adjuvants? |
|
Definition
| Promote delivery of soluble Ags to APCs (In general, APCs can trap & process particulate Ags much more efficiently than soluble Ags); about the size of bacteria & readily endocytosed/engulfed by APCs |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of particulate adjuvants. |
|
Definition
| Liposomes, microparticles |
|
|
Term
| What are immunostimulatory adjuvants? |
|
Definition
| Substances that can stimulate cells to make cytokines which in turn promote an immune response; usually complex microbial products that represent PAMPs; Stimulate macs through TLR to make cytokines that promote T-helper cell function |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of immunostimulatory adjuvants. |
|
Definition
| LPS; Killed bacteria; Microbial DNA |
|
|
Term
| What are mixed adjuvants? |
|
Definition
| Freund's Complete Adjuvant: oil-based depot w/ killed Mycobacterium; Depot + immunostimulatory activity |
|
|
Term
| Can mixed/Freund's adjuvant be used in food animals? |
|
Definition
| No; Might devo immune response to Mycobacterium proteins & test + on Tb skin test |
|
|
Term
| Do killed vacc activate CD8+? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What question needs to be asked with any vacc? |
|
Definition
| Whether the vacc Ag may actually potentiate/promote dz |
|
|
Term
| What from a killed vacc might potentiate dz? |
|
Definition
| If the Ag stimulates Ab which promotes ability of microbe to infect cells; Ab made to vacc Ag may promote immune-complex dz |
|
|
Term
| What are some SEs of inactivated vacc? |
|
Definition
| Severe inflam due to adjuvants; increased need for multiple doses of vacc --> HS |
|
|
Term
| What are some cons of MLV? |
|
Definition
| May be contaminated w/ other org's that are also alive & pathogenic; may possess residual virulence for vaccinated animal as well as other animals/humans |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of an MLV contaminated w/ other org's |
|
Definition
| Major outbreak of bovine leukosis due to BLV resulted from a batch of babesiosis vacc containing whole calf blood that contained BLV |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vacc available to protect against BLV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is needed for prevention & control of B. abortus inf? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What strain was initially used to vacc against B. abortus? Now? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe B. abortus Strain 19. |
|
Definition
| Could cause abortion in some cattle if vacc. during pregnancy, or if maintained inf due to vacc. strain; Could also cause brucellosis in humans if accidentally inj |
|
|
Term
| Which is more virulent, Strain 19 or RB51? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the biggest advantage of RB51? |
|
Definition
| Can tell vaccinated from naturally exposed animals; Lacks Ag used to screen for Ab in cattle |
|
|
Term
| What drug is RB51 resistant to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organization licenses veterinary biologics/vacc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organization licenses human & vet drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Category I genetically engineered vacc? |
|
Definition
| Contain inactivated/killed recombinant organisms or proteins derived from recombinant org's; Proteins are purified & used as a protein vacc (subunit vacc) |
|
|
Term
| How is a Category I genetically engineered vacc made? |
|
Definition
| DNA coding for an Ag of interest isolated; DNA inserted into bacterial plasmid which is put into a bacterium (or yeast) & bacterium expresses protein coded for by inserted DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is a potential problem w/ Category I genetically engineered vacc? |
|
Definition
| Purified protein may not be a good immunogen, b/c may not be correctly folded like native protein as exists as part of pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the 1st commercially available Cat I vet vacc/recombinant vacc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Ag of FeLV was used for the vacc? What was it inserted into? What was then done with it? |
|
Definition
| gp70; E. coli plasmid; inserted into E. coli bacteria & grown up --> bact produce lots of gp70 which is then purified & used as vacc Ag |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for a subunit vacc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name another recombinant vacc. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Lyme dz vacc for dogs? |
|
Definition
| DNA (gene) coding for OspA protein of bacterium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contains live org that contains gene deletions or modified genes which result in reduced virulence |
|
|
Term
| What is a primitive form of Cat II genetic engineering? |
|
Definition
| Attenuation by prolonged tissue culture |
|
|
Term
| What is possible in Cat II genetic engineering? How is this prevented? |
|
Definition
| Reversion to virulence; Molecular genetic techniques to render org irreversibly attenuated |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a Cat II vac. |
|
Definition
| Vacc. to protect against Herpes virus that causes pseudorabies in swine |
|
|
Term
| What does herpes virus infect in swine? |
|
Definition
| n. cells & causes "mad itch" |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is req'd by herpes virus to replicate in non-dividing cells (such as neurons) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a Cat I vacc compare to native protein? |
|
Definition
| Lacks some features (ex: not glycosylated) |
|
|
Term
| How does a Cat III vacc compare to native protein? |
|
Definition
| Processing is better w/ glycosylation structures; More like native protein |
|
|
Term
| What type of Ag is Cat I vacc? III? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What p'way is Cat I processed by? Cat III? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Cat I req adjuvant? Cat III? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Cat I Th1 or Th2 response? Cat III? |
|
Definition
|
|
