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Immunology Exam 4
Flash cards for exam 4.
296
Immunology
Professional
04/08/2013

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Term
TSS case: how did she get infected
Definition
Chicken pox lesion
Term
TSS case: what was she infected with
Definition
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep.)
Term
TSS case: how long until serious symptoms appeared and what were they
Definition
12 days: unconsciousness and skin necrosis
Term
TSS case: started with what presumed condition
Definition
Flu
Term
TSS case: antigen
Definition
Streptococcal pyogenic exotoxin C (SPEC)
Term
TSS case: antibiotics given
Definition
Nafcillin & clindamycin
Term
TSS case: SPEC neutralizer
Definition
IV IG
Term
TSS case: SPE's are pro-inflammatory, so why wasn't that obvious with this case
Definition
Anti-inflammation from TNF and chickenpox
Term
Normal flora eliminated how
Definition
Innate: alternative complement
Term
#1 cause of bloodsteram infections
Definition
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Term
Effectors of humoral immunity that are antigen specific
Definition
B cells & antibodies
Term
Effectors of humoral immunity that are not antigen specific
Definition
Acute: PMN's & complement; Chronic: macrophages & complement
Term
Effectors of cellular immunity that are antigen specific
Definition
T cells
Term
Effectors of cellular immunity that are not antigen specific
Definition
Macrophages and IFN-γ from T cells
Term
Generally, what neutralizes exotoxins
Definition
Antibodies alone
Term
Generally, what kills fungi
Definition
CD4 T-activated macrophages
Term
Generally, what kills protozoa
Definition
CD4 T-activated macrophages
Term
Generally, what kills Listeria monocytogenes
Definition
CD8 T
Term
Why is vaccination of exotoxins normally necessary
Definition
Too potent/toxic to stimulate immune response
Term
Name for vaccines for exotoxins that are biologically inactive but are immunogenic
Definition
Toxoid
Term
Why are some with TSS still susceptible to illness even upon recovery
Definition
Staph. aureus & Strep. pyogenes target the immune system and prevent antibody responses
Term
How do superantigens work
Definition
Decrease specificity of MHC-TCR → some 50% of all T cells activated
Term
Cytokine released due to superantigens
Definition
TNF-α
Term
Source of IG for IV IG
Definition
Pool of antibodies from thousands of volunteers
Term
IV IG useful for what (5)
Definition
1) Kawasaki, 2) Strep TSS, 3) Staph TSS, 4) Hep A, 5) anthrax
Term
Extracellular bacteria (3 highlighted in lecture)
Definition
1) Gram + & - cocci, 2) Haemophilus, 3) Bordetella
Term
Intracellular bacteria (4 highlighted in lecture)
Definition
1) Mycobacterium, 2) Salmonella, 3) Brucella, 4) Listeria
Term
=-itis to describe which infections
Definition
Extracellular killed by opsonization
Term
=-osis to describe which infections
Definition
Extracellular not killed by opsonization
Term
Which usually have granulomas: itis or osis infections
Definition
=-osis infections
Term
What fuse to form a granuloma
Definition
Macrophages
Term
Which Ig peaks at day 4-5 after novel infection
Definition
IgM
Term
Which Ig peaks at day 10-15 after novel infection
Definition
IgG
Term
What causes this IgG response
Definition
Memory/Vaccinated response to the pathogen
Term
Most effective vaccines stimulate what type of response
Definition
Opsonization
Term
Opsonization-induced vaccines (6)
Definition
1) DTaP, 2) H. influenzae type b, 3) N. meningitiid A/C/Y/W135, 4) Strep. pneumoniae, 5) Salk polio, 6) Hep A & B
Term
Strep vaccine is multivarient and covers __ of the __ varients
Definition
24 of 80+ varients
Term
Adjuvent
Definition
Enhance immunogenicity
Term
Examples of adjuvent actions (2)
Definition
1) Precipitous, 2) irritant [to keep vaccine around longer]
Term
Common adjuvant
Definition
Alum
Term
Choleragenoid vaccine is __ [short- or long-lived] because
Definition
Short lived because mucosal antibody-based immunity is short lived [3-6 months]
Term
Types of vaccines discussed (4)
Definition
1) Toxoid, 2) capsule, 3) conjugate, 4) attenuated
Term
MMR: what type of vaccine
Definition
Attenuated
Term
H. influenzae type b: what type of vaccine
Definition
Conjugated
Term
DTaP: what type of vaccine
Definition
Toxoid
Term
Salmonella typhi: what type of vaccine
Definition
Attenuated
Term
BCG: what type of vaccine
Definition
Attenuated
Term
Sabin oral polio: what type of vaccine
Definition
Attenuated
Term
Problems of immunization with attenuated pathogens in non-immunocompromised people (2)
Definition
1) Viral shedding [Sabin oral polio], 2) immune enhancement
Term
Immune enhancement
Definition
Vaccinating against intracellular pathogens puts them right where they *WANT* to live: inside PMN's
Term
Why are toxoid vaccines not given very frequently
Definition
Isotype switching to IgE leads to anaphylactic response & decreased immunization
Term
Why aren't diphtheria vaccinations necessary in adults
Definition
Adults (20+) natively respond better
Term
Which type of hypersensitivity: <30 minutes
Definition
1
Term
Which type of hypersensitivity: 3-9 hours
Definition
3
Term
Types of hypersentivity reactions
Definition
Type 1, 2, 3, 4
Term
Type 1 hypersensitivity: mediated by what cells
Definition
Mast
Term
Type 1 hypersensitivity: which immunoglobins
Definition
IgE
Term
Type 1 hypersensitivity: examples (2)
Definition
1) Skin urticaria, 2) anaphylaxis
Term
Type 1 hypersensitivity: inflammatory mediators (3)
Definition
1) Histamine, 2) prostaglandins, 3) leukotrienes
Term
Type 2 hypersensitivity: mediated by what
Definition
Killer T cells and complement
Term
Type 2 hypersensitivity: aka
Definition
Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity
Term
Type 2 hypersensitivity: examples (3)
Definition
1) Hemolytic anemia, 2) transfusion reactions, 3) vitiligo
Term
Type 2 hypersensitivity: which immunoglobins
Definition
IgG [Schlievert includes IgM]
Term
Type 3 hypersensitivity: which immunoglobins
Definition
IgG
Term
Type 3 hypersensitivity: mediated by what cells
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
Type 3 hypersensitivity: examples (3)
Definition
1) Systemic lupus erythematosus, 2) dermatomyositis, 3) infective endocarditis, 4) Arthus reaction, 5) serum sickness, 6) farmer's lung, 7) AGN [4-7 added by Schlievert]
Term
Type 3 hypersensitivity: aka
Definition
Immune complex disease
Term
Type 4 hypersensitivity: aka
Definition
Cell-mediated or delayed
Term
Type 4 hypersensitivity: mediated by
Definition
T cells & macrophages
Term
Type 4 hypersensitivity: tissue injury maximal at
Definition
48-72 hours
Term
Type 4 hypersensitivity: examples (5)
Definition
1) Allergic contact dermatitis, 2) leprosy, 3) tuberculosis, 4) tuberculin, 5) graft vs. host disease
Term
Type 4 hypersensitivity: amplification by
Definition
Activated T cells releasing cytokines
Term
Which type of hypersensitivity: 12-48 hours
Definition
4
Term
Exaggerated immune response that leads to damage to the host
Definition
Hypersensitivity
Term
Antigen that sitmulates hypersensitivity
Definition
Allergen
Term
Which type of hypersensitivity: anaphylactic shock
Definition
1
Term
Which type of hypersensitivity: monthly recurring rash with nausea & vomiting
Definition
1
Term
Which type of hypersensitivity: Rh incompatibility & fetal disress
Definition
2
Term
Which type of hypersensitivity: acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)
Definition
3
Term
Which type of hypersensitivity: rheumatoid arthritis
Definition
3
Term
Which type of hypersensitivity: -osis diseases
Definition
4
Term
Routes of encourntering allergens
Definition
Locally (inhalation or food) or systemically
Term
Dx of the circled regions
Definition
Atopic dermatitis
Term
Allergens are presented on which T cell
Definition
Th2
Term
Major cytokine involved in type 1 hypersensitivity
Definition
IL-4
Term
Function of IL-4 in type 1 hypersensitivity (2)
Definition
1) Differentiation of T cells to Th2, 2) isotype switch to IgE
Term
Signal transduction steps for histamine release in mast cells
Definition
Phospholipase C → (PIP2 → IP3 + DAG); IP3 → ↑[Ca]i → PKC → exocytosis of histamine granules [pathways aren't specifically important but have the idea]
Term
Signal transduction steps for leukotriene & prostaglandin production
Definition
Phospholipase C → (PIP2 → IP3 + DAG); Ca + MAPK → phospholipase A2 → synthesis of leukotrienes & prostaglandins [pathways aren't specifically important but have the idea]
Term
Histamine effects (5)
Definition
1) Edema, 2) smooth muscle constriction, 3) hives, 4) rhinitis, 5) itchiness
Term
Long acting stimulator of bronchial constriction leading to asthma
Definition
Leukotrienes
Term
Mediators in type 1 hypersensitivity (5)
Definition
1) Histamine, 2) leukotrienes (etc.), 3) heparin, 4) CC chemokines, 5) eotaxins
Term
Role of eosinophiles in type 1 hypersensitivity
Definition
Degrade histamine, leukotrienes, and others
Term
Kinds of type 1 hypersensitivity (6)
Definition
1) Allergic rhinits, 2) allergic conjunctivits, 3) atopic dermatitis, 4) allergic asthma, 5) anaphylactic shock, 6) food allergies
Term
Risk factors for food allergens (5)
Definition
1) Immature immune sys, 2) early solid foods, 3) hereditary increased permeability, 4) IgA deficiency, 5) inadequate gut flora challenge
Term
Type 1 hypersensitivity treatment: anaphylactic shock
Definition
Epinepherine
Term
Type 1 hypersensitivity treatment: non-asthma types
Definition
Antihistamines, corticosteroids, pimecrolimus
Term
Type 1 hypersensitivity treatment: asthma
Definition
Corticosteroids, leukotriene inhibitors, β-agonists
Term
Desnsitization
Definition
Low dose antigen over long time → induce IgG; or anti-IgE antibodies
Term
Concern if a pregnant woman is Rh-
Definition
If husband is Rh+ then baby could be Rh+
Term
Rh factor has what inheritance pattern
Definition
Autosomal dominant
Term
Rh- mother, Rh+ father: which Rh+ fetus would you be worried about
Definition
The second one [assuming mother was exposed to Rh+ with the first one]
Term
Possible treatment given to Rh- pregnant woman with an Rh+ fetus
Definition
RhoGAM
Term
Possible treatment given to Rh- pregnant woman with an Rh- fetus
Definition
Nothing
Term
Result if Rh- pregnant woman makes Rh+ antibodies
Definition
Hemolytic disease of the newborn [not in the lecture, but good (& easy) to know]
Term
Type of vaccine that is RhoGAM
Definition
Passive immunity by giving anti-D IgG antibodies
Term
Key cytokines in type 2 hypersensitivity
Definition
IL-4 & IL-5
Term
Steps if given the wron ABO blood
Definition
Transfusion → Igm binds to RBC's → complement fixed → opsonization
Term
How long does it take a unit of mis-matched blood to be destroyed
Definition
Within an hour
Term
Transfusion reaction effects (4)
Definition
1) Fever, 2) kidney damage, 3) hypotension (shock), 4) DIC
Term
How could you monitor hemolysis of fetus' RBC's in utero
Definition
Amniotic bilirubin
Term
Result 2 days after spilling M 49 group A strep on your skin
Definition
Impetigo
Term
Result 12 days after spilling M 49 group A strep on your skin
Definition
Lower back pain, proteinuria, hematuria, impaired kidney Fx, hypertension, edema
Term
2 weeks after spilling M 49 group A strep on your skin, should IgG to DNase B be: elevated or nor
Definition
Elevated
Term
2 weeks after spilling M 49 group A strep on your skin, should complement factors be: elevated or nor
Definition
Greatly reduced because they have been consumed
Term
After spilling M 49 group A strep on your skin, where/what is the hypersensitivity
Definition
Acute glomerulonephritis
Term
Post-strep acute glomerulonephritis caused by
Definition
Precipitation of antigen by complement in kidneys, PMNs & macrophages cause damage to the glomerulus
Term
What is this
Definition
Strep. impetigo
Term
Arthus reaction
Definition
Ag-Ab complexes w/ complement → edema & necrosis
Term
Botulism toxin treatment
Definition
Horse antibodies, causes fever/aches/erythema nodosum 7-15 days later
Term
Farmer's lung cause
Definition
Chronic exposure to moldy hay (Aspergillus)
Term
Possible chronic result from farmer's lung
Definition
COPD
Term
Low M types of strep cause: pharyngitis or impetigo
Definition
Pharyngitis [don't have to know now, but you will in PID]
Term
High M types of strep cause: pharyngitis or impetigo
Definition
Impetigo [don't have to know now, but you will in PID]
Term
M12 types of strep cause: pharyngitis or impetigo
Definition
Both [don't have to know now, but you will in PID]
Term
__% of M49 strep cases develop kidney involvement
Definition
2%
Term
Acute glomerulonephritis cause
Definition
M49 strep → IgG precipitates in glomerulus → damage
Term
SLE symptoms (5)
Definition
1) Butterfly-shaped ash on face, 2) arthritis, 3) fatigue, 4) sunlight sensitivity, 5) skin lesions, and way more [my pick of the list so make your own assessment]
Term
SLE treated with corticosteroids can develop
Definition
Edema
Term
Which organs are always involved in SLE
Definition
Kidneys
Term
SLE =
Definition
Systemic lupus erythematosis
Term
AGN =
Definition
Acute glomerulonephritis
Term
How/why are DNA antibodies made in SLE
Definition
Fragile cells release DNA
Term
SLE diagnosis
Definition
Antinuclear antibody panel [also blood tests, urinalysis, kidney Fx tests, etc.]
Term
SLE treatments (5)
Definition
1) Corticosteroids, 2) NSAIDs, 3) antimalarials, 4) immune suppressants, 5) avoid sun
Term
RA affects what part of what kind of joints
Definition
Synovium of synovial joints
Term
Testable factor indicative of RA
Definition
Rheumatoid factor
Term
RA is __ cell dependent
Definition
B cell dependent
Term
What is almost always included in RA
Definition
Hands
Term
RA joint inflammation includes
Definition
Stiffness, rubor/tumor/dolor/calor
Term
RA =
Definition
Rheumatoid arthritis
Term
RA treatments (4)
Definition
1) Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD: monoclonal Ab's), 2) glucocorticoids, 3) NSAID, 4) analgesics
Term
Type 4 hypersensitivity results from
Definition
Damaging side-effects of cell-mediated immunity
Term
__ T cells activate macrophages through __
Definition
Th1 through IFN-γ
Term
Severe poison ivy treatment
Definition
Corticosteroids
Term
Is poison ivy atopic: yes or no
Definition
No, that's only type 1 hypersensitivity
Term
Tuberculosis treatment
Definition
Antibiotics for a year
Term
Post-tuberculosis, Mantoix test would be: positive or negative
Definition
Positive [for life]
Term
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can grow in what pattern
Definition
Serpentine
Term
What is the ring on the right
Definition
Tubercule
Term
What is this
Definition
Tubercule with caseating necrosis
Term
What is this
Definition
Lymph node TB granulomas
Term
What are the tiny speckles
Definition
Millet seed granulomas of liver due to TB
Term
What is the ring
Definition
Granuloma due to Leishmania
Term
What is this
Definition
Schistosome eggs
Term
What is this
Definition
Chronic schistosomiasis with intestinal and liver granulomas
Term
Type 4 hypersensitivity depends on what cells
Definition
Th1 memory cells
Term
Type 4 hypersensitivity of the skin requires what from keratinocytes
Definition
Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines
Term
Mantoux test
Definition
Purified protein derivative (PPD) under skin that measures Th1 memory & macrophage activation
Term
Mantoux test of a person with active TB
Definition
Positive [expected] or negative [overwhelmed immune system]
Term
Requirements for pulmonary TB
Definition
1) Inhalation of 50+ bacteria, 2) spread systemically, 3) B cell immunity fails, 4) return to lungs, 5) Th1 & macrophage activation
Term
__% of people develop an autoimmune disease
Definition
5%
Term
Autoimmune usually develops from which hypersensitivty types
Definition
2, 3, or 4
Term
Result 3 days after strep infection
Definition
Sunburn-like rash
Term
Causes of sunburn-like rash (2)
Definition
1) Strep scarlet fever or TSS, 2) Staph TSS
Term
Scarlet fever = __ + __
Definition
Pharyngitis + rash
Term
Superantigen involved in M18 group A strep
Definition
SPEC
Term
Possible effects of SPEC
Definition
1) OCD, 2) carditis, 3) arthritis, 4) Sydenham's chorea, 5) rheumatic fever, 6) pharyngitis
Term
Treatment of M18 strep
Definition
Azithromycin and anti-inflammatories for other symptoms (joints, carditis, CNS damage)
Term
Rheumatic heart disease
Definition
Possible result from strep-induced carditis having mitral valve stenosis
Term
Incidence of rheumatoid arthritis
Definition
10 in 1000
Term
Incidence of psoriasis
Definition
20 in 1000
Term
Incidence of Grave's disease
Definition
10 in 1000
Term
Incidence of Crohn's disease
Definition
2 in 1000
Term
Incidence of MS
Definition
1.5 in 1000
Term
How is tolerance broken in SLE
Definition
Exposure to DNA
Term
How is tolerance broken in MS
Definition
Exposure to myelin
Term
How is tolerance broken in sympathetic ophthalmia
Definition
Exposure to eye antigens
Term
Reactive protein in the strep we've learned about
Definition
M protein
Term
Shigella, Chlamydia, & Klebsiella cause self-reactivity toward what
Definition
HLA B27 in Reiter's syndrome
Term
Anti-idiotype examples (3)
Definition
1) Grave's, 2) myasthenia gravis, 3) type 1 DM
Term
Anti-idiotype antibodies react with what receptor in Grave's disease
Definition
TSH → hyperthyroidism
Term
Anti-idiotype antibodies react with what receptor in myasthenia gravis
Definition
Nicotinic ACh → loss of nerve function
Term
Genetic predisposition found in 90% of Reiter's syndrome
Definition
HLA B27
Term
Genetic predisposition found in 90% of ankylosing spondylitis
Definition
HLA B27
Term
Genetic predisposition found in multiple sclerosis
Definition
HLA DR2a
Term
Genetic predisposition found in type 1 DM
Definition
HLA DR3/DR4
Term
Name the disease: Targets DNA
Definition
SLE
Term
Name the disease: Always includes the kidneys
Definition
SLE
Term
Name the disease: Antigens of the heart (low M types)
Definition
Rheumatic fever caused by strep
Term
Name the disease: IgM anti-IgG
Definition
Rheumatoid arthritis
Term
Name the disease: Targets nerve antigens that leads to paralysis
Definition
Multiple sclerosis
Term
Name the disease: HLA-B27 predisposition (2)
Definition
Anklyosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome
Term
Name the disease: Arthritis involving the spine
Definition
Anklyosing spondylitis
Term
Name the disease: Arthritis, urethritis, conjunctivitis
Definition
Reiter's syndrome
Term
Name the disease: Targets skin antigen
Definition
Psoriasis
Term
Name the disease: Targets skin antigen with group A srep
Definition
Guttate psoriasis
Term
Name the disease: Targets RBC antigens
Definition
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Term
Name the disease: Targets platelet antigens
Definition
Immune thrombocytopenic prupura
Term
Name the disease: Targets β cells
Definition
Type I diabetes
Term
Name the disease: Targets T3/T4 hormones
Definition
Hashimoto's thyroidits
Term
Name the disease: Targets TSH receptor
Definition
Grave's diseases
Term
Name the disease: Results in hypothyroidism
Definition
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Term
Name the disease: Results in hyperthyroidism
Definition
Grave's disease
Term
Name the disease: Targets gut microbes
Definition
Inflammatory bowel disease: Chrohn's & ulcerative colitis
Term
Name the disease: Targets nicotonic ACh receptor (muscle weakness)
Definition
Myasthenia gravis
Term
How to treat autoimmune diseases (generally)
Definition
Relieve symptoms and preserve organ function
Term
How to treat autoimmune diseases (pharmacologically)
Definition
Cytotoxic drugs, corticosteroids, antibodies against immune effectors
Term
Double lung transplant: peri-transplant therapy
Definition
Anti-T cell globulin
Term
Double lung transplant: post-transplant therapy (3)
Definition
1) Tacrolimus [inhibits IL-2 synthesis], 2) mycophenolate mofetil [inhibits purine synthesis], 3) methyl prednisolone
Term
Double lung transplant: future potential problems (2)
Definition
1) Infections, 2) rejection
Term
Graft from and to the same person
Definition
Autologous
Term
Graft between identical twins
Definition
Syngeneic
Term
Graft between different people
Definition
Allograft
Term
Graft between species
Definition
Xenograft
Term
Graft vs. host disease
Definition
Graft rejects host
Term
Most common transplant
Definition
Blood
Term
Which is least severe of a mismatch: MHC I or II
Definition
MHC II
Term
Acute rejection takes __ days
Definition
10-15 days
Term
Does matching MHC I and II guarantee caompatibility: yes or no
Definition
No
Term
White graft
Definition
Second allograft of the same mismatch results in immediate loss of graft
Term
MHC I determines what
Definition
What is self?
Term
MHC II determines what
Definition
Height of attack
Term
Which T cells recognize MHC II mismatch on allografts
Definition
CD4 [same as usual]
Term
Which T cells recognize MHC I mismatch on allografts
Definition
CD8 [same as usual]
Term
Knowing which MHC mismatch is more severe, which cells are the principal effectors of rejection
Definition
CD8
Term
Which genes represent MHC I: HLA-A/B/C or HLA-DP/DQ/DR
Definition
HLA-A/B/C
Term
Which genes represent MHC II: HLA-A/B/C or HLA-DP/DQ/DR
Definition
HLA-DP/DQ/DR
Term
Pharmacological intervention to prevent rejection (6)
Definition
1) Cyclosprine A, 2) tacrolimus, 3) rapamycin, 4) steroids, 5) cyclophosphamide, 6) azathioprine
Term
Cyclosporine A & Tacrolimus do what
Definition
Inhibit lymphokine production by T cells (no NFAT production)
Term
Rapamycin does what
Definition
Inhibits lymphokine receptor signal transduction (loss of IL-2 reception)
Term
Cyclophosphamide does what
Definition
Akylating agent of DNA
Term
Azathioprine does what
Definition
Purine analog that inhibits DNA synthesis
Term
Graft vs. host disease resembles what
Definition
Gram negative shock
Term
How long does acute GVHD take to appear
Definition
First 100 days
Term
Where does acute GVHD appear
Definition
Palms and soles
Term
How long does chronic GVHD take to appear
Definition
During or after third month
Term
Can too much sun trigger GVHD: yes or no
Definition
Yes, chronic GVHD
Term
Symptoms of chronic GVHD (5)
Definition
1) Skin rash/color/texture, 2) mucous membrane irritation, 3) GI problems, 4) joint problems, 5) cachexia [lots of them, that's my summary]
Term
Phases of immune surveillance (3)
Definition
Elimination, equilibrium, escape
Term
Staph: gram + or -
Definition
+
Term
Strep: gram + or -
Definition
+
Term
E. coli: gram + or -
Definition
-
Term
Enteric rods: gram + or -
Definition
-
Term
H. influenzae: gram + or -
Definition
-
Term
Neiserria: gram + or -
Definition
-
Term
Round bacteria: cocci or bacilli
Definition
Cocci
Term
Rod bacteria: cocci or bacilli
Definition
Bacilli
Term
Encapsulated extracellular bacteria (3)
Definition
Pneumococci, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis
Term
Intracellular bacteria (3)
Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella, Listeria
Term
What lives here: lower respiratory tract
Definition
Nothing
Term
What lives here: GU tract
Definition
Nothing
Term
What lives here: blood
Definition
Nothing
Term
What lives here: CSF
Definition
Nothing
Term
What lives here: synovial joints
Definition
Nothing
Term
What lives here: skin & hair follicles (2)
Definition
Staph & strep
Term
What lives here: oral cavity (7)
Definition
Anaerobes, microaerophilic strep, group A strep, pneumococci, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis
Term
What lives here: GI tract (3)
Definition
Gram - rods, anaerobes, microaerophilic strep
Term
What lives here: vaginal vestibule (2)
Definition
Lactobacilli, gram - rods
Term
Where does it live: staph
Definition
Skin & hair follicles
Term
Where does it live: strep (3)
Definition
Skin & hair follicles, oral cavity, GI tract
Term
Where does it live: anaerobes (2)
Definition
Oral cavity, GI tract
Term
Where does it live: group A strep
Definition
Oral cavity
Term
Where does it live: pneumococci
Definition
Oral cavity
Term
Where does it live: H. influenzae
Definition
Oral cavity
Term
Where does it live: N. meningitidis
Definition
Oral cavity
Term
Where does it live: Lactobacilli
Definition
Vaginal vestibule
Term
Where does it live: Gram - rods (2)
Definition
GI tract, vaginal vestibule
Term
The more immune impaired, the __ [less or more] virulent an organism must be to cause infection
Definition
More impaired, the less virulent
Term
Which is more virulent: PCP or tuberculosis
Definition
PCP [Pneumocystis pneumonia]
Term
Which is more virulent: PCP or herpes
Definition
PCP [Pneumocystis pneumonia]
Term
Which is more virulent: Herpes or cytomegalovirus
Definition
Herpes
Term
Suggestions of immunodeficiency (6)
Definition
1-5) Unusual frequency, severity, duration, complications, organisms, 6) syndrome complexes
Term
How long are newborns immunodeficient
Definition
2 years
Term
In utero, only which Ig is made
Definition
IgM
Term
In utero, where is IgG from
Definition
Mother
Term
When is protein IgG made
Definition
Birth
Term
When is carbohydrate IgG made
Definition
No time marked on his graph, but 2 years or so [recall T-independent deficiency]
Term
Can pregnancy be considered a state of immunodeficiency: yes or no
Definition
Yes, of T cells
Term
Which does not have CD4 response: MHC I or II mismatch
Definition
MHC I
Term
Eventually, how does an MHC I mismatch graft become immunogenic
Definition
Any future CD4 reaction will release IL-2 that activates CD8 against the graft
Term
Which does not have CD8 response: MHC I or II mismatch
Definition
MHC II
Term
Eventually, how does an MHC II mismatch graft become immunogenic
Definition
Likely some other minor mismatch that elicits immunogenicity
Term
Which phase are tumor cells making "foreign" antigens
Definition
Elimination
Term
Which phase are tumor cells picking up more mutations
Definition
Equilibrium
Term
Which phase are tumor cells become invasive
Definition
Escape
Term
One way tumors stave off the immune system
Definition
They make immunosuppressive molecules
Term
Role of monoclonal antibodies in controlling tumors
Definition
1) Down-regulation of receptors, 2) apoptosis, 3) immunotoxins
Term
Herceptin: receptor, apoptosis, immunotoxin
Definition
Down-regulation of HER-2/neu receptor in breast cancer
Term
Rituximab: receptor, apoptosis, immunotoxin
Definition
B cell apoptosis in non-Hodgkins B cell lymphoma
Term
Ricin A chain: receptor, apoptosis, immunotoxin
Definition
Immunotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis
Term
Pseudomonas exotoxin A: receptor, apoptosis, immunotoxin
Definition
Immunotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis
Term
Adriamycin: receptor, apoptosis, immunotoxin
Definition
Immunotoxin that intercalates DNA
Term
Can superantigens be used as agents to stimulate the immune system
Definition
Maybe, not successful yet (too strong)
Term
Corticosteroids do what
Definition
Blocks inflammation
Term
Fingolimod does what
Definition
Blocks lymphocyte trafficking out of lymphoid tissue
Term
How is IFN-β used with multiple sclerosis
Definition
Limits production of IL-1
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