Term
| innate vs adaptive immunity |
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Definition
innate: receptors recognize features shaped by grps of pathogens
-1st response
-non-clonal distribution of receptors on cells
adaptive: organized around an ongoing infections
-takes ~1week to mobilize
-immunological memory long-term
-clonal distribution of immunoglobulins |
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Term
| clonal selection & expansion |
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Definition
selection: sm subset of pathogen-specific lymphocytes are selected for proliferation when an antigen binds an Ig
expansion: selected plasma cells proliferate into a pop of clones |
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Term
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Definition
B cell receptors
become antibodies when soluble & secreted by plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
soluble Igs secreted by plasma cells
circulate in blood & lymph, on mucosal surface
specific for 1 antigen
act in neutralization, opsonization, etc
not encoded by original genome, modified genes during lymphocyte development |
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Term
| antibody vs TLR repertoire |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
5 subtypes based on heavy chain constant regions (more/less carbs)
2 heavy & 2 light chains, light is kappa or lambda
Fc (fragment of constant region) stem & Fab (fragment of antigen binding) arms
variable region w/ diff AA seqs for binding specificity |
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Term
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Definition
antigenic determinant
surface molecule that Ab binds
linear or discontinuous (folded nearby) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
CD19 stains red
CD20 stains blue in pairs |
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Term
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Definition
BCRs can be secreted as Abs
TCRs always on surface |
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Term
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Definition
possess multiple epitopes
can bind multiple Abs or TCRs |
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Term
Draw Ab structure- C region, V region, antigen binding site, Fc, Fab
Compare to TCR |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw continuous vs discontinuous epitope |
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Definition
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Term
| Design experiment to see if Ab bound to linear or discontinuous epitope |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw progression of cell from HSC to plasma cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Design experiment to see if B cells are activated |
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Definition
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Term
| Draw MQ vs B cell receptors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Ig genes inherited in fragmented gene segments from egg & sperm
all cells |
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Term
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Definition
lambda or kappa
variable & joining segments |
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Term
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Definition
30-40 V & diversity segments
6 J segments |
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Term
| processes that create Ab diversity |
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Definition
1. VDJ rearrangement randomly chooses V/D/J regions in functional chain
2. TdT randomly adds nucleotides
3. Junctional diversity randomly adds nucleotides
4. Mix/match lambda & kappa light chains |
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Term
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Definition
creates a functional Ab from germline chain loci
occurs in Bs & Ts
dangerous to cells, creates a double strand break that can introduce mutations & translocations
RSS flank VDJ segments-> RAG/VDJ recombinase removes nucleotides to form signal joint-> RAG adds nucleotides to coding joint-> TdT fills gap
occurs in bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
recombination signal seqs
2 types
flank VDJ segments to guide recombo |
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Term
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Definition
recombination-activating genes
2 genes that make 2 proteins of VDJ recombinase
brings tg RSS-> removes nucleotides-> generates palindromic P-nucleotides on D & J regions |
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Term
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Definition
VDJ recombo
signal: circular excised DNA w/o fxn
coding: seq coding the Ab |
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Term
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Definition
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
randomly adds N-nucleotides to chr to inc Ab diversity |
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Term
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Definition
diversity of Ig chains due to random addition of nucleotides by RAG & TdT
3*10^7-10^17 diff Abs |
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Term
| VDJ rearrangement in healthcare |
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Definition
PCR signal joints w/ outward primers
used to measure SCID (infants w/ no adaptive response), HIV progression, & effectiveness of bone marrow transplants |
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Term
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Definition
evaluate binding w/ EMSA
w/o RAG, a pt can’t form any Abs & wont have adaptive immunity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. repertoire assembly: Igs formed
2. negative selection: against dangerous BCRs
3. positive selection: follicles of lymph tissue
4. maturation
5. circulation: in blood
6. activation: by antigen
7. clonal expansion
8. attack: by plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
cells express only 1 of 2 alleles of a gene
only 1 heavy chain locus made-> clonal distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| mature Bs in healthy pt dont respond to self antigens b/c negative selection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| methods of maintaining self-tolerance |
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Definition
1. receptor editing: successive rearrangement of light-chain genes
2. clonal deletion: elimination of self-reactive Bs |
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Term
| central vs peripheral tolerance |
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Definition
central: not reactive to bone marrow self-antigens
peripheral: not reactive to any antigens in the body |
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Term
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Definition
inactivation due to self-reactivity
Bs will circulate but have a short half-life (1-5 days compared to norm 40 days) |
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Term
| flow chart of fates of immature Bs |
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Definition
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Term
| experiments to determine if Bs are functional or anergic |
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Definition
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Term
| contrast gene states, markers, & Abs in HSCs, pro-Bs, pre-Bs, and immature Bs |
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Definition
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Term
| draw binding with & w/o allelic exclusion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. bone marrow: where lymphocyte precursors originate & Bs mature
2. thymus: where Ts mature |
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Term
| secondary lymphoid tissue |
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Definition
spleen, adenoids, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches
where mature lymphocytes are stimulated to respond |
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Term
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Definition
diff regions of lymph node where diff lymphocytes go
has Bs, Ts, dendritic, MQs, pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| dense aggregation of pathogen-bound Bs in follicle |
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Term
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Definition
red: spleen tissue where RBCs are monitored & removed
white: spleen tissue where WBCs gather to provide adaptive immunity |
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Term
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Definition
gut-associated lymphoid tissues
tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer’s patches of sm intestine
trap pathogens & activate lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
in mucosal epithelium
delivers pathogens directly to GALT |
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Term
| processes of Ab maturation |
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Definition
1. affinity maturation: Abs of progressively higher affinity are produced as adaptive response proceeds (select for better mutations from somatic hypermutation of V regions)
2. isotope/class switching: DNA recombo allows V regions to be used w/ other heavy chain C regions (IgM vs D vs G etc)
3. solubility: heavy-chain C-terminus becomes hydrophobic by RNA splicing that removes mb domain |
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Term
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Definition
| diff isotopes vary in antigen binding, flexibility of movement, response effect, location, etc |
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Term
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Definition
1st response
binds strongly but less effectively than IgG & IgA
more antigen binding sites than IgG & A (10 vs 2)
activates compliment cascade
bulky, difficulty entering infected tissue |
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Term
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Definition
membrane receptor
binds IgG to spare it from lysosome degradation |
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Term
| draw movement of plasma through endothelium to return |
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Definition
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Term
| draw progression of Bs in lymph node from entering to plasma differentiation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Activation-Induced Cytodine Deaminase
only expressed in activated, proliferating Bs after affinity maturation
controls class switching, targets S region |
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Term
| contrast isotype fxn, J-chain presence, & monomer state |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
transport of Abs across cells to reach other tissues
maternal IgG to fetus
dimeric IgA across intestinal/mucosal tissues |
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Term
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Definition
often dimeric
protects surfaces of mucosal epithelia
found in GI tract, genital tract, mammary glands, etc
neutralizes viral & bact infections
slightly activates compliment |
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Term
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Definition
| binds dimeric IgA to facilitate transcytosis from Latina propriety to pathogens in lumen |
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Term
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Definition
often monomer
transferred from maternal to fetal blood during pregnancy
neutralizes toxins
strongly activates complement |
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Term
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Definition
Fc regions bind to receptor on phagocyte
direct or indirect
strongly activated by IgM & IgG, slightly activated by IgA |
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Term
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Definition
| w/o sufficient CR1, erythrocytes cant bind immune complexes-> not removed from blood-> aggregate on small blood vessels-> kidney disease |
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Term
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Definition
direct opsonization
bind IgG/E/A |
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Term
| Ab-dep cell-mediated toxicity |
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Definition
NKs work against cancer cells by releasing granules when bound to Fc-gamma receptors
“cytotoxicity” |
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Term
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Definition
Systemic Lupus Erythmatosis
autoimmunity
Abs target DNA & histones
immune complexes are created all the time
affects joints, kidneys, & skin |
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Term
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Definition
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
rare blood disease
Abs target Rh surface antigen-> hemolysis-> not enough RBCs |
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Term
| how Ts determine Ab isotype |
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Definition
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Term
| draw IgA & IgG transcytosis |
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Definition
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Term
| draw direct & indirect opsonization by IgG |
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Definition
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Term
| draw response to parasite infection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
immunohistochemistry
use Abs to identify cells or markers in a tissue section
benefit of seeing spatial organization
fl-conjugated Abs
isolate tissues-> freeze-> section/slice tissue-> glass slide-> flowing/incubating Abs on section-> image-> analyze
identify same cells w diff states
limited to ~3 colors |
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Term
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Definition
helpful bc similar cell shapes
anti-CD19 for Bs
anti-CD3 for Ts |
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Term
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Definition
identify & characterize cells w/in heterogeneous pop
lasers & detectors paws thru each indiv cell to report size, complexity, & surface stains
fl Abs to label many surface proteins
30-40 colors at same time |
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Term
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Definition
forward scatter
measures cell size in flow |
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Term
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Definition
intracellular complexity
side scatter
complex (ex. w granules) will have higher |
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Term
| draw B zone of infected vs uninfected pt using 3 markers in IHC |
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Definition
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Term
| contrast HSCs, Bs, & others lvls of CD34, CD19, & CD20 in flow histogram & biaxial chart |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
random pt mutations in V region
done by AID
increases affinity/binding of Ab |
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