Term
| Cells of adaptive immunity (2) |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes: 1) B cells, 2) T cells |
|
|
Term
| Primary lymphoid organs (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Thymus, 2) bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Myeloid components, 2) dendritic cells, 3) NK cells, 4) B cells |
|
|
Term
| Secondary lymphoid organs (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Lymph nodes, 2) spleen, 3) MALT |
|
|
Term
| Sites where antigens are concentrated and immune responses initiated |
|
Definition
| Secondary lymphoid organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Avoidance of autoimmunity |
|
|
Term
| Pre-T cell CD status: _CD4 and _CD8 and _TCR [fill in with - or +] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immature T cell CD status: _CD4 and _CD8 and _TCR [fill in with - or +] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytotoxic T cell CD status: _CD4 and _CD8 and _TCR [fill in with - or +] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Helper T cell CD status: _CD4 and _CD8 and _TCR [fill in with - or +] |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once mature, T cells go where |
|
Definition
| Secondary lymphoid organs |
|
|
Term
| Two histological parts of the thymus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thymus cortex has what kind of T cells and what density |
|
Definition
| High density of early T cells |
|
|
Term
| Thymus medulla has what kind of T cells and what density |
|
Definition
| Low density of mature T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Long bones, 2) pelvis, 3) ribs, 4) sternum, 5) vertebrae, 6) skull |
|
|
Term
| Is bone marrow ordered or random mix of cell types |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immature B cells have what immunoglobins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mature B cells have what immunoglobins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymph node: primary lymphoid folicle contains mostly what cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymph node: medullary cords contain mostly what cells |
|
Definition
| Macrophages & plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| Lymph node: paracortical area contains mostly what cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People without spleens are more susceptible to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spleen: which has the task of filtering: red or white pulp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spleen: which has the task of immunity: red or white pulp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spleen: cells in red pulp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spleen: cells in white pulp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MALT: similar structure to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MALT: specialized function |
|
Definition
| Secrete IgA to mucosal surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Upper airway, 2) lower airway, 3) small intestine, 4) large intestine |
|
|
Term
| Examples of MALT & vaccines (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Flumist & upper airway, 2) Sabin polio vaccine & GI tract |
|
|
Term
| B cells remain in follicles because |
|
Definition
| Follicular dendritic cells secrete CXCL13 |
|
|
Term
| B cells remain in follicles because of what receptor |
|
Definition
| CXCR5 [that binds with CXCL13] |
|
|
Term
| T cells remain in T cell zones because |
|
Definition
| Reticular cells secrete CCL19 & CCL21 |
|
|
Term
| T cells remain in T cell zones because of what receptor |
|
Definition
| CCR7 [that binds with CCL19 & CCL21] |
|
|
Term
| Routes of entry of lymphocytes into lymph node (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Blood and extravasation, 2) afferent lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| Where do lymphocytes extravasate into lymph nodes & MALT |
|
Definition
| High endothelial cells in post-capillary venules |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytic blood extravasation mediated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) |
|
Definition
| Cannot produce antibodies from B cells due to dysfunctional BTK gene |
|
|
Term
| Do people with XLA acquire immunity from vaccines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What routine treatment do XLA patients require |
|
Definition
| Immunoglobin transfusions |
|
|
Term
| Regions of heavy chain locus (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regions of light chain locus (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pre-pro-B cell CD status: _CD19 and _CD10 and _CD20 and _TdT [fill in with - or +] |
|
Definition
| =-CD19 and +CD10 and -CD20 and -TdT |
|
|
Term
| Pro-B cell CD status: _CD19 and _CD10 and _CD20 and _TdT [fill in with - or +] |
|
Definition
| =+CD19 and +CD10 and -CD20 and +TdT |
|
|
Term
| Pre-B cell CD status: _CD19 and _CD10 and _CD20 and _TdT [fill in with - or +] |
|
Definition
| =+CD19 and +CD10 and +CD20 and +TdT |
|
|
Term
| Immature B cell CD status: _CD19 and _CD10 and _CD20 and _TdT [fill in with - or +] |
|
Definition
| =+CD19 and -CD10 and +CD20 and -TdT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recombination Activating Gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bind recombination signal sequences (RSS's) after making dsDNA breaks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Add nucleotides to RAG breaks |
|
|
Term
| RAG1/2 & TdT expressed in what cells and when |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RAG1/2 are what kind of enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase |
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme adds in randomness between antibody segments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Order in which IgH are joined |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is rearranged first: IgH or IgL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| While IgH is rearranged, what is used for the light chain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each cell has how many IgH loci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each cell has how many IgL loci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the first IgH rearrangement is unsuccessful, then what happens |
|
Definition
| IgH rearrangement of second allele |
|
|
Term
| If the second IgH rearrangment is unsuccessful, then what happens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name/type/description of a B cell after IgH is rearranged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name/type/description of a B cell after IgL is rearranged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Steps of B cell development (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) IgH rearrangment, 2) Pre-BCR checkpoint, 3) IgL rearrangement, 4) negatie selection |
|
|
Term
| Which has a higher probability of succeeding: IgH or IgL rearrangment |
|
Definition
| IgL since invested already with successful IgH rearrangement |
|
|
Term
| Order of alleles in IgL rearrangement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Re-induction of locus rearrangement in self-reactive cells |
|
|
Term
| Which cells can undergo receptor editing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which loci can undergo receptor editingl |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strong BCR engagement without costimulation leads to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-1 cells are apart of which system: innate, humoral, or adaptive |
|
Definition
| Humoral only, not adaptive |
|
|
Term
| B-1 cells are critical for imediate/early what |
|
Definition
| T-independent antibody response |
|
|
Term
| Are B-1 cells found in adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are B-2 cells able to do T-independent antibody response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are B-1 cells able to do T-dependent antibody response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Marginal zone B cells: T-independent or T-dependent response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follicular B cells: T-independent or T-dependent response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is missing in neonates: marginal zones or follicular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Receptors expressed by mature B cells (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) BRC, 2) TLR, 3) cytokine, 4) chemokine |
|
|
Term
| What binds the IgM antibody to the cell membrane ("adapter protein") |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Co-receptor complex on B cells (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) CD19, 2) CD21, 3) CD81 |
|
|
Term
| T-independent response: repetitive structures or protein component |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T-dependent response: repetitive structures or protein component |
|
Definition
| Protein component required |
|
|
Term
| Which responds early: T-independent or T-dependent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has low affinity: T-independent or T-dependent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which responds later: T-independent or T-dependent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which has high affinity: T-independent or T-dependent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classic Type I T-independent antigen |
|
Definition
| Lipopolysaccharide [Gram-negative, remember?] |
|
|
Term
| Classic Type II T-independent antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the costimulatus for classic type I T-independent antigens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the costimulatus for classic type II T-independent antigens |
|
Definition
| Not the capsular polysaccharide, must be from other pathways/molecules |
|
|
Term
| Classic Type I T-independent: which kind of immunoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classic Type II T-independent: which kind of immunoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common illnesses in T-independent deficient people (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Otitis media, 2) pneumonia, 3) meningitis |
|
|
Term
| Polysaccharide capsule with C3b attached is what type of antigen |
|
Definition
| Classic type II T-independent |
|
|
Term
| Are mature dendritic cells phagocytic: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are immature dendritic cells phagocytic: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MHC Class I, MHC Class II |
|
|
Term
| Which MHC class presents to CD4 T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which MHC class presents to CD8 T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the polymer structure of MHC class II molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CD80-CD26 or CD86-CD26 signalling: which cell has CD80/CD86 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CD80-CD26 or CD86-CD26 signalling: which cell has CD26 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effector subtypes of activated CD4 T cells (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Th1, 2) Th2, 3) Th17, 4) TFH [we don't have to know the types (except TFH), but this is just to remind you of them] |
|
|
Term
| Which effector subtype of activated CD4 T cells promotes T-dependent antibody responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can T-independent antigens activate the innate immunity: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can T-dependent antigens activate the innate immunity: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of T cells does T-dependent response require |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemicals that fit in antibodies but are not immunogenic |
|
|
Term
| How do you make haptens immunogenic |
|
Definition
| Attach them to immunogenic proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Linking a hapten to an immunogenic protein |
|
|
Term
| 3 signals from dendritic cells to CD4+ T cells |
|
Definition
| 1) Peptide on MHC class II to TCR on T cell, 2) CD80/86 on presenter to CD28 on T cell, 3) cytokines |
|
|
Term
| How do activated T & B cells meet each other |
|
Definition
| Co-expression of CCR7 and CXCR5 puts them mid-way between T cell zone & B cell zone |
|
|
Term
| When activated T & B cells meet, what CD's bind |
|
Definition
| CD154 on T cell and CD40 on B cell |
|
|
Term
| 3 signals to B cell activation in T-dependent response |
|
Definition
| 1) Intact antigen from dendritic cell, 2) CD154-CD40 from activated T cell, 3) cytokines |
|
|
Term
| Activated B cells do what (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Proliferate into plasma cells, 2) move to germinal centers [lot of things here] |
|
|
Term
| When B cells move to germinal centers, what do they do (4) |
|
Definition
| 1) Proliferate, 2) isotype switching, 3) affinity maturation, 4) terminal differentiation |
|
|
Term
| Terminal differentiation of activated B cells (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Plasma cells, 2) memory B cells |
|
|
Term
| Zones within germinal centers (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Dark zone, 2) light zone |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the light zone of germinal centers |
|
Definition
| 1) Selection, 2) affinity maturation |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the dark zone of germinal centers |
|
Definition
| 1) Proliferation, 2) isotype switching, 3) somatic hypermutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changing the constant part of the IgG to another (μ, δ, γ, ε, α) |
|
|
Term
| When do B cells undergo isotype switching |
|
Definition
| Upon activation by Tfh cells |
|
|
Term
| Basic mechanism of isotype switching |
|
Definition
| Switch regions exposed → DNA loop excised → new constant region right after VDJ |
|
|
Term
| Does isotype switching involve Ig heavy chain: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does isotype switching involve Ig light chain: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does isotype switching alter antigen binding affinity: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is required for isotype switching |
|
Definition
| Activated B cell with continuous signalling from Tfh cells (CD154 & cytokines) |
|
|
Term
| After isotype switching, will there be anymore be IgM antibodies for that antigen: yes or no |
|
Definition
| Yes, isotype switching happens after proliferation so IgM and IgM/D/G/E/A exist |
|
|
Term
| Outcomes of somatic hypermutation (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) No affinity change, 2) loss of binding affinity, 3) gain of binding affinity |
|
|
Term
| What happens to B cells that have a loss of binding affinity after somatic hypermutation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to B cells that have a gain of binding affinity after somatic hypermutation |
|
Definition
| They proliferate and become the plasma & memory cells [WINNING!] |
|
|
Term
| How is gain/loss of affinity after somatic hypermutation assessed |
|
Definition
| Competition for binding to limited antigen presented |
|
|
Term
| If a B cell undergoes somatic hypermutation and the Kd of the antibody becomes a smaller value, is it ___ [more or less] likely to survive |
|
Definition
| More likely [decrease in Kd means increase binding affinity] |
|
|
Term
| Where do plasma cells eventually go to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a memory B cell encouters its antigen again |
|
|
Term
| Are memory cells isotype switched: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are memory cells ___ [high or low] affinity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are memory cells long lived: yes or no |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are memory cells: fixed location or circulating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What links heavy chains together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is covalent modifications are done to the heavy chains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name of the region in which the immunoglobin can flex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What secondary structure is found in the "pocket" of the immunoglobin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteolytic cleavage of an immunoglobin forms what domains (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Fc receptors detect |
|
Definition
| The constant end of immunoglobins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any substance that interacts specifically with the binding site of an antibody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part/region of antigen that makes contact with binding site of an antibody |
|
|
Term
| Constant region of immunoglobins dictates (3) |
|
Definition
| 1) Multimerization, 2) tissue distribution, 3) effector function [complement, Fc receptors, ….] |
|
|
Term
| Where is IgM mostly found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is IgG mostly found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is IgE mostly found |
|
Definition
| Tissues bound to mast cells |
|
|
Term
| Where is IgA mostly found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is IgD mostly found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgG subtypes (4; in order to most active with complement binding) |
|
Definition
| 1) IgG4, 2) IgG2, 3) IgG1, 4) IgG3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immunoglobin is transferred across the placenta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immunoglobin is transferred through breast milk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effector mechanisms of antibodies (5) |
|
Definition
| 1) Agglutination, 2) neutralization, 3) classical complement, 4) Fc-mediated opsonophagocytosis, 5) cellular cytotoxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies link microbes/particles together |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of agglutination of bacteria (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Blocks colony formation, 2) aggregates bacteria together [easier to find & destroy] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binding to active site of microbe/virus and prevents cellular entry |
|
|
Term
| Which immunoglobins can activate the classical complement pathway (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunoglobin activation of complement first attracts what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunoglobin activation of complement leads to coating by what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immunoglobins can activate Fc receptor-mediated opsonophagocytosis (4) |
|
Definition
| All but IgD: 1) IgM, 2) IgG, 3) IgA, 4) IgE |
|
|
Term
| Which opsonizing immunoglobin(s) can be phagocytosized by macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which opsonizing immunoglobin(s) can be endocytosized by dendritic cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which opsonizing immunoglobin(s) cause degranulation of mast cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which opsonizing immunoglobin(s) cause degranulation of eosinophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells can perform antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Eosinophils, 2) NK cells |
|
|
Term
| What protein binds immunoglobins together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hinge region variability of the IgG's has what consequences (2) |
|
Definition
| 1) Flexibility, 2) sensitivity to proteases → half-life changes |
|
|
Term
| What determines if IgA circulates in the blood or is excreted to epithelia surfaces |
|
Definition
| Presence of the J chain protein |
|
|
Term
| IgA chiefly functions as what effector mechanism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are mast cells activated via immunoglobins |
|
Definition
| Antigen-bound IgE binds to IgE receptor on mast cell |
|
|
