Term
| List the Cells Associated with the Immune System |
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Definition
-myeloid cells
-lymphocytes
-accessory cells |
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Term
| Function of Myeloid Cells in the Immune System |
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Definition
-Monocytes and Macrophages
-phagocytosis
-presents antigen to T cell
-Granulocytes
-neutrophils: histamine
-eosinophils: parastic & hypersensitivity
-basophils: receptors for IgE |
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Term
| Functions of the Lynphocytes in the Immune System |
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Definition
-B Lymphocytes
-receptors to specific antigen
-T Lymphocytes
-effectors on cytolysis
-regulators to uptake or supress other lymph & access. cells
-Large Granular Lymphocytes
-activated lymphs/natural killer cells |
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Term
| Function of Accessory Cells in the Immune System |
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Definition
-Macrophages
-phagocytic, antigen presenting process
-dendritic and langerhans cells |
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Term
| Compare and Contrast Primary & Secondary Lymphoid Organs |
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Definition
-Primary Lymph Organs
-function: site of antigen-independent differentiation of lymphocytes
-bone marrow, fetal liver, thymus
-Secondary Lymph Organs
-function: site of antigen dependent activity and differentiation occur
-spleen, lymph nodes, mucosal
-associated with lymph tissue |
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Term
| Discuss the Funciton of the Lymphatic System and the Spleen |
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Definition
-Lymph System
-returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood
-fluid in lymphatics = lymph
-Spleen
-site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
-cleanses blood of aged cells, platelets, debris |
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Term
| State the General Organization Found in the Lymph Node and the Predominant Cells Found |
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Definition
-encapsulated round/bean shape
-subcapsular sinuses surround lymphoid tissue
-lymphoid tissue: cortex, medulla
-cortex: follicles (B lymph), paracortex (T lymph)
-medulla: plasma cells, lg. lymphocytes, sinus, cords |
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Term
| State the General Organization Found in the Spleen and the Predominant Cells Found |
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Definition
-largest lymphoid organ
-red pulp & white pulp
-red pupl: destroys RBCs and old/abnormal cells
-white pulp: lymphoid tissue surrounding central arterial, similar to lymph node |
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Term
| Trace the Route of the Lymphocyte Circulation Through a Lymph Node |
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Definition
-enters: afferent lymph cessels
-large subcapsular sinus
-small subcapsular sinus
-exits: node at nilus (efferent vessels) |
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Term
| Trace the Route of the Lymphocyte Circulation through the Spleen |
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Definition
| -splenic artery and vein, enter & exit at the nilus |
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Term
| For Each Cytokine, State the Predominant Cell Source and its Primary Function |
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Definition
-innate immunity: IL1, IL12
-marcophages, natural killer cells
-function: mediator of innate immunity and inflammation
-adaptive immunity: IL2, IL4, IL5
-T cells
-function: specialized recognition of foreign antigen
-stimulators of hematopoiesis
-bone marrow, stromal cells leukocytes, other cells |
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Term
| Explain the Genetics of the HLA System |
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Definition
-located on chromosome 6
-class I is closer to short arm
-class II is closer to long arm |
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Term
| Explain the Tissue Distribution of the HLA System |
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Definition
-MHC Class I: all nucleated cells except nervous tissue
-MHC Class II: immunologically active cells |
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Term
| Describe the Common Properties of Class I and Class II MHC Molecules |
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Definition
-extracellular peptide-like binding cleft
-pair of Ig-like domains
-anchored to cell by transmembrane & cytoplasmic domains |
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Term
| Identify the Peptide Binding Cleft and T-Cell Binding Sites on the Class I and Class II MHC Molecules |
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Definition
-Class I Peptide Binding Cleft: 8 - 11 residues
-Class I T-Cell Binding Sites: x 3 region binds CD8
-Class II Peptide Binding Cleft: 10 - 30 residues
-Class II T-Cell Binding Sites: B2 region binds CD4 |
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Term
| Identify 3 Characteristics of Peptide MHC Interactions |
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Definition
-size
-complemetary interactions
-non covalent interactions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Define Linkage Disequilibrium |
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Definition
| -certain alleles at two closely linked loci occur on same haplotype move often in a population than would be expected statistically |
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Term
| Identify the Characteristics of the Inheritance Pattern for HLA Genes |
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Definition
-mendelian genetics
-genes are codominant
-genes are closely linked (cross over = .8%)
-genes are inherited as haplotypes |
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Term
| Correlate the Application of the HLA System to Organ Transplantation |
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Definition
-used for kidney, bone marrow, stem cell transplants
-2nd to ABO in influence to transplantation
-better immediate function post transplant of organ
-better long term survival
-lowers chance of graft versus host |
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Term
| Correlate the Application of the HLA System to Transfusion |
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Definition
-MHC Class I antigen located on platelet membranes
-matching these antigen to recipient will increase life of platelets and decrease patients chance of developing HLA antibodies |
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Term
| Correlate the Application of the HLA System to Disease Associations |
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Definition
-significant deviation in HLA antigen frequency in persons with the disease as opposed to those without
-known/suspected to be hereditary
-autoimmune features
-periods of acute relapse and remission |
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Term
| Correlate the Application of the HLA System to Parentage Testing |
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Definition
-useful tool in parentage testing
-exclusion rate
-polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium |
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Term
| Distinguish Between Humoral and Cell Mediated Immune Responses |
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Definition
-humoral: antibody production is B cell mediated with or without T cells
-cell mediated: cell to cell interaction that are T cell mediated |
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Term
| Distinguish CD4 T Cells and Their Subsets |
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Definition
-T helper cells
-TH1 & TH2 based on cytokines secreted |
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Term
| Distinguish Among CD8 Cells and Tc/Ts Cells |
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Definition
-T cytotoxic
-T suppresor |
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Term
| Definse Specificity and Memory as Distinguishing Characteristics of Adaptive Immune Responses |
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Definition
-specificity: response is induced by a specific antigen, effector mechanisms are aimed at that specific antigen
-memory: involve Th cells, induce activated B & T cells to become memory cells |
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Term
| Describe the Biochemistry of the Antigen that Binds to B & T Cells |
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Definition
-T cells are activated when their surface receptors bind to a recognized antigen (nonself)
-T cells must recognize both antigen and MHC protein
-antigen: nonself component
-MHC protein: self component
-T cells recognize protein antigen via antigen presenting cells |
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Term
| Describe MHC Restriction as it Applies to CD4 and CD8 Cells |
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Definition
-binding of T cell to APC is MHC restricted
-CD4 w/MHC Class II
-CD8 w/MHC Class I |
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Term
| The Process by Which Antigens are Processed by APC Cells for Presentation to CD8 Cells |
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Definition
MHC Class I
-antigen = endogenous (internalized in cell)
-broken down by protease
-peptides move into ER via ATP
-float around lumen until bound to Class I
-MHC Class 1 + peptide = binding to CD8 |
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Term
| The Process by Which Antigens are Processed by APC Cells for Presentaiton to CD4 Cells |
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Definition
MHC Class II
-antigen: external to cell and phagocytized
-antigen phagocytized by cells and introduced to phagosome
-phagolysosome inside acid proteases antigen
-Class II invariant chain sits in groove and prevents binding of protein in ER
-Class II leaves ER attached to invariant chain
-Class II invariant chain + phagolysosome causes chain removal by HLA-D protein
-travels to membrane for antigen peptide and binding of CD4 cells |
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Term
| Describe the Role that T Helper Cells Play in Activation of T Cytotoxic Cells or Cytokine-Producing Cells |
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Definition
-Th cells recognizes antigen with MHC Class II molecule on APC
-APC -> IL1 -> IL2 + T Cells
-blast transformation
-cell division
-differentiation into T cytotoxic or cytokine producing |
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Term
| Describe the Role of Cytokines in Costimultaion |
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Definition
| -cytokines (IL1 and IL2 from APC or T Cells) trigger proliferation and differentiation of activated T Cell |
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Term
What is the role of TH1 Cytokines
TH2 Cytokines
TH17 Cytokines
Treg Cytokines |
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Definition
-TH1: activate macrophages that are infected by or have ingested particles
-TH2: activation of B cells and increase B cell proliferation, induces isotype switching
-TH17: neutrophil recruitment to sites of infection
-Treg: exter inhibitory actions on IR cells |
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Term
| Identify the Target Cells for T Cytotoxic and Natural Killer Cells |
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Definition
-Tc cells: virus infected cells, cells w/intracellular bacteria or parasites, cancer cells, foreign cells
-Natural killer cells: lack of Class I MHC, antibody coating target cells, dif. marker on cells |
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Term
| Describe the Various Types of Effector Cells |
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Definition
-Th1 cells: interferon, IL2
-Th2 cells: IL4, IL8, IL10
-Th17 cells: IL17A, IL8
-Treg: IL10, TGF-beta |
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Term
| Outline the Differentiation Series of B cells to Mature B Cells |
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Definition
-pro B: shows 1st rearrangement of Ig genes, Dh gene rearranges to Jh segment (DJ)
-pre B: VH gene rearranges to join DJ segment (VJD) and u chains synthesized
-immature B: light chains produced, IgM expressed
-mature B: development of expression IgM + D, naive cells is ready for activation
-memory B: isotype switch to IgG, IgA, or IgE |
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Term
| Outline Markers for each Cell of the Differentiation |
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Definition
-pro B: TDT, CD10, CD19, 20, 21
-pre B: Cu, CD10, CD19, 20, 21
-immature B: sIg, CD19, 20, 21
-matture B: sIg, CD19, 20, 21 |
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Term
| Process by which B Cells are Activated |
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Definition
-capture of free antigen by B cell Ig receptor
-comples of Ig + antigen taken in cells
-antigen processed
-protein fragment binds to MHC Class II complexes
-presented to Th cell with appropriate TCR
-costimulates w/ligand and cytokines released
-stimulate clining and plasma cell formation |
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Term
| Relationship between B Cells and T helper Cells in the Activation Process |
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Definition
-protein fragment binds to MHC Class II complexes then presented to Th cells
-T cells are activated by protein
-B cells present antigen to Th cells |
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Term
| Compare/Contrast T Dependent & T Independent Humoral Responses |
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Definition
-T dependent: antigen is protein, class switching
-T independent: non protein (polysachharide, lipid), only IgM antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| -change from synthesis of IgM to other isotypes |
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Term
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Definition
-development of population of cells that are antigen specific that are more sensitive than the original naive cell
-on re-exposure they response more rapidly/effectively |
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Term
| Differentiate between Naive B Cells and Memory B Cells |
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Definition
-memory cells are qualitatively different than naive cells
-increased affinity for antigen
-memory cells are quantitatively different than naive cells
-increased memory cells
-increased effective cells |
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Term
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Definition
-picorhavividae family, single stranded RNA, non eveloped, icosahedral shapes
-transmitted: fecal/oral, close personal contact, contaminated water/food, parental
-incubation period: 10 - 50 days
-clinical manifestations: jaundice, fever, vomiting, malaise
-IgM present early onset, IgG onset of symptoms remain elevated for years |
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Term
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Definition
-hepaclviavirclae family, double stranded DNA, enveloped
-transmitted: parental, perinatal, mucous membranes or open wounds
-incubation period: 50 - 180 days
-similar to HAV but more severe, targets hepatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
-flaviviridae family, single stranded RNA, enveloped
-transmitted: parenteral, person to person, perinatal
-incubation: 7 weeks
-20% patients symptomatic, of those 85% develop cirrhosis
-symptoms occur in early stages of disease, IgG detectable 4 to 8 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
-single stranded RNA, envelop of HBV origin, possible mutation
-transmitted: parenteral, IV drug users
-incubation: 50 - 180 days |
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Term
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Definition
-calciuiridae family, non enveloped, spikey and round shaped
-transmitted: fecal/oral
-incubation: 6 weeks
-preicteric phase (10 days), icteric phase (10 days), recovery (1 month)
-IgM and IgG increase at two weeks, IgM decrease at 6 weeks, IgG continue to increase past 13 weeks |
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Term
| Compare/Contrast Effector Memory T Cells & Central Memory T Cells |
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Definition
Effector Cells
-lack CCR7
-migrates to tissue
-secrete IFNy, IL4, IL5
-receptors for inflammation
Central Memory Cells
-express CCR7
-remains in lymphoid tissue
-differentiates into T helper cells |
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Term
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Definition
| -unresponsiveness to a specific antigen that is induced by prior exposure to that antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| -immune response generated by the body against its own cells or tissues |
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Term
| Importance of Tolerance to Both Physiologic and Pathologic States |
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Definition
Physiology
-nonreaction to autoantigens
Pathology
-autoimmunity |
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Term
| Compare/Contrast Central Tolerance with Peripheral Tolerance |
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Definition
Central
-T cell clonal
-B cell clonal
-in lymphoid organs
Peripheral
-anergy
-antigen blockade (B cells)
-costimulation (T & B cells)
-sequestered antigen outside lymphoids |
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Term
| Identify the Mechanisms by Which Lymphocyte Tolerance is Induced |
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Definition
-deletion (apoptosis)
-anergy (inactivation of function without cell death)
-regulation (suppresion of lymphocyte activation & effector function by regulatory lymphocytes |
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Term
| Processes that Lead to Central & Peripheral Tolerance Induced by both T & B Cells |
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Definition
-tolerance can be induced in both immature B & T lymphocytes (central tolerance) or mature B & T lymphocytes (peripheral tolerance)
-a cell must express an antigen specific receptor to be tolerized (TCR or BCR) |
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Term
| How does "broken" Tolerance lead to development of autoimmune conditions |
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Definition
-when tolerance is broken recognition of self antigen by autoreactive lymphocytes
-activation of these cells to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells
-effector cells and products promote tissue injury |
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Term
| How does genetic predisposition and environmental factors play a role in development of autoimmune states |
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Definition
| -autoreactive clones of T & B cells exist normally but are held in check by homeostatic mechanisms, breakdown of these controls by various mechanisms leads to activation of auto reactive clones and autoimmune diseases |
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Term
| Define and Link Epitope Spreading to Autoimmunity |
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Definition
| -autoimmunity may be triggered by an environmental factor that then induces epitope spreading: autoreactive T cells lead to inflammation |
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Term
| Define and Link Molecular Mimicry to Autoimmunity |
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Definition
-autoimmunity may be triggered by an environmental fator that then induces molecular mimicry
-molecular mimicry: identity or similarity of epitopes expressed by a pathogen and by a self-molecule |
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Term
| Define and Link Sequested Antigens to Autoimmunity |
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Definition
-autoimmunity may be triggered by an environmental factor that then induced sequestered antigens
-sequestered antigens: auto antigens that are protected from immune response |
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Term
| Describe Lupus Erythematosus as an Example of Autoimmune Disease |
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Definition
-immune complexes deposited on tissue initiate an inflammatory response
-overproduction or inappropriate production of autoantibody
-autoantibody + autoantigen = immune complex |
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Term
| Describe Graves Disease as an Example of Autoimmune Disease |
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Definition
-autoantibody to TSH receptors of thyroid gland
-bind to receptor cells and trigger stimulation
-stimulation leads to hyperplasia of thyroid, secretion of thyroid hormone, enlargement of thyroid |
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