Term
| Fast response, low affinity, predominantly IgM |
|
Definition
| T cell independent antigen responses |
|
|
Term
| Interaction between B cells and CD4 T cells, provides additional specificity via MHC class II, takes weeks, provides multiple isotypes, high affinity and large amounts |
|
Definition
| T cell dependent antigen responses |
|
|
Term
| Immunodeficient patients who lack T cells |
|
Definition
| Still mount a thymus-independent antibody response |
|
|
Term
| responses to LPS or to bacterial DNA via Toll-like receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| requires extensive crosslinking, typically via repetitive molecules present at high density on the pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Activation of T cell dependent antibody responses |
|
Definition
| Occur in secondary lymphoid tissues (e.g. lymph node) |
|
|
Term
| T cell dependent responses: Cell that brings antigen to the lymph node |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Interaction of what cells in T cell dependent antibody responses |
|
Definition
| B cell and CD4 helper T cell |
|
|
Term
| Types of cells produced after activated B cells receive signals to differentiate and expand |
|
Definition
| Plasma B cells or memory cells |
|
|
Term
| T cell dependent antibody response: Activated T cell after CD4 T cell/B cell interaction expresses: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T cell dependent antigen response: After activated T cell expresses CD40Ligand, the B cell responds by expressing: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cytokine secreted by CD4 T helper cell to promote B cell expansion and differentiation to a plasma B cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the CD4 T cell and B cell pair move from the T cell zone of the lymph node into. |
|
|
Term
| Type of cell, specialized antibody production factories- no surface Ig, no MHC class II. Results in terminal differentiation and locks in the isotype. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the germinal center follicular dendritic cells make cytokines that promote: |
|
Definition
| rapid expansion, isotype switching and somatic hypermutation |
|
|
Term
| Where isotype switching and affinity maturation occur |
|
Definition
| In a lymph node germinal center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non dividing B cells in a germinal center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapidly dividing B cells in the germinal centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the increase in affinity of the antigen binding sites of antibodies as a result of somatic hypermutation of the re-arranged immunoglobulin region and selection for B cells with high affinity BCRs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which a B cell changes the class of immunoglobulin it makes. It involves somatic recombination between the heavy chain constant region to the existing variable region |
|
|
Term
| What determines antibody isotype? |
|
Definition
| The cytokines provided by CD4 helper T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cannot isotype switch. Have abnormally high levels of IgM in their blood (hyper IgM syndrome) |
|
|
Term
| What determines the choice of B cell activation becoming a plasma cell or memory B cell? |
|
Definition
| The cytokines provided by CD4 T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immune complex bundles that can retain antigen long-term in follicular dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| Isotype differences allow: |
|
Definition
| targeting to different tissues, differential binding of complement, binding to different effector cells |
|
|
Term
Delivery of antibody to tissues:
What is the first antibody to be made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows efficient complement activation, but the large size restricts tissue penetration |
|
|
Term
| What antibodies are made after IgM to be delivered to the tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Higher affinity due to affinity maturation, allows an antibody with only 2 binding sites to be effective, IgG is actively transported from the blood into tissues by FcRn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for the transfer of passive humoral immunity from the mother to the newborn and is expressed in various tissues in adults |
|
|
Term
| What protects mucosal surfaces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infants obtain mucosal protection from: |
|
Definition
| passively transferred dimeric IgA from breast milk |
|
|
Term
| Antibodies that bind to pathogens and prevent attachment to host cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antibodies that bind toxins and prevent the attachment of toxins to target cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Fc(gamma)RI receptor targets: |
|
Definition
| macrophages to antibody-bound pathogens |
|
|
Term
| The Fc(gama)RIII receptor allows: |
|
Definition
| NK cells to kill cells by antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| IgE binds with high affinity to FceRI on: |
|
Definition
| mast cells, eosinophils and basophils |
|
|
Term
| IgE coated mast cells protect by: |
|
Definition
| causing ejection of pathogens via sneezing/coughing/vomiting/diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| The Fc(alpha)RI receptor binds monovalent IgA expressed on: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fc(alpha) RI receptor facilitates: |
|
Definition
| the phagocytosis of lysis of pathogens coated with IgA |
|
|
Term
| Mucosal surfaces are protected by mucus containing: |
|
Definition
| glycoproteins, peptides, enzymes, secretory IgA |
|
|
Term
| Mucus protects epithelial cells by: |
|
Definition
| Traps particulates including viruses and bacteria and detoxifies epithelial cell layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eliminate pathogenic organisms and control commensal bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gut associated lymphoid tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local lymph nodes that protect the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Peyer's patches contain _______ B cell follicles, also T cell areas and dendritic cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Peyer's Patches have specialized epithelial cells called |
|
Definition
Microfold (M) cells. These DO NOT secrete mucus and are specialized for uptake of micro-organisms/antigens
(also lack a thick extracellular glycocalyx) |
|
|
Term
| What makes GALT immune responses distinct from skin/muscle lymph node-mediated responses |
|
Definition
| content of lymphoid cell, hormones, and immunomodulatory factors |
|
|
Term
| During fetal development GALT differentiates from spleen and other lymph nodes by: |
|
Definition
| different chemokines, different receptors for TNF cytokine family |
|
|
Term
| Uptake of microorganisms from gut lumen to GALT by M cells: |
|
Definition
Take up antigen by phagocytosis/endocytosis
Antigen is transported through M cells in vesicles, bound by dendritic cells which present the antigen to T cells |
|
|
Term
| Uptake of microorganisms from gut lumen to GALT by dendritic cells: |
|
Definition
| Extend processes across epithelial layer to capture antigen from the gut lumen |
|
|
Term
| Immune response in healthy gut: T cells are stimulated to become effector cells specific for: |
|
Definition
| pathogenic and commensal micro-organisms and food antigens |
|
|
Term
| Activated CD4 T cells in gut activate: |
|
Definition
| B cells to become plasma cells that secrete dimeric IgA |
|
|
Term
| Immune responses in gut: specialized mucosal macrophages and dendritic cells lack: |
|
Definition
| toll-like receptors, these cells reduce inflammatory responses |
|
|
Term
| Intra-epithelial CD8 lymphocytes are abundant in gut: 1 per about ___ epithelial cells |
|
Definition
| 10, (containe cytotoxic granules) |
|
|
Term
| B and T cells activated in mucosa lose the ability to: |
|
Definition
| enter non-mucosal secondary lymphoid tissues from the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intestinal epithelial cells contribute to immunity |
|
Definition
| express NOD proteins that bind bacterial products like muramyl dipeptide and activate NFkB signaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provoke TH2 CD4 mediated responses |
|
|
Term
| Most humans have ongoing helminth infections that induce a TH2 response to: |
|
Definition
| produce IL-13 to repair damaged tissue, produce Il-5 to recruit and activate eosinophiles, drive B cell IgE production, recruit mast cells |
|
|
Term
| 3/4 of the immune systems resources are dedicated to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunological primary response |
|
Definition
| clears infection, prevents short term re-infection, establishes long-term memory to provoke a stronger secondary response |
|
|
Term
| Immunological secondary response |
|
Definition
| circulating affinity-matured, isotyped-switched antibodies, expanded clones of specific B and T cells, often clears infection before symptoms occur |
|
|
Term
| Clonal expansion of B, T cells during primary infection |
|
Definition
| provides many short-lived effector cells, also provides long-lived memory B and memory T cells |
|
|
Term
| Compared to naive cells, memory cells are: |
|
Definition
| more sensitive to infection, more easily activated, more abundant for each previously encountered pathogen |
|
|
Term
| Primary response antibodies; |
|
Definition
| Primarily IgM, low affinity |
|
|
Term
| Secondary response from memory B cells |
|
Definition
| IgG, IgA,IgE isotype switched from IgM, High affinity via somatic hypermutation, 10-100x more pathogen-specific clones than primary response |
|
|
Term
| In secondary responses, Naive B Cells: |
|
Definition
| are actively suppressed (only memory B cells participate) |
|
|
Term
| Antibody-antigen complexes from memory B cells bind an inhibitory receptor found only on naive B cells: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high in T memory and effector cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of cells in innate immunity not subject to positive and negative selection in thymus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of cells in innate immunity that do not recognize peptide-MHC complexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primarily one type of gamma:delta T cells in blood: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gamma:delta T cells recognize: |
|
Definition
| phosphoantigens from a variety of phatogens including malaria |
|
|
Term
| Gamma:delta cells contribute to an inflammatory response by producing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gamma:delta cells can respond to a primary infection without |
|
Definition
| requiring clonal expansion (more are present for any given clone compared to alpha:beta T cells) |
|
|
Term
| NK lymphocytes are important for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NK lymphocytes do not rearrange: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NK lymphocytes are more common with |
|
Definition
T cell:
similar surface proteins, similar effector function as CD8 cytotoxic T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ononuclear cell that lacks CD3 and expresses CD56 adhesion molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predominate in blood and are strongly cytotoxic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predominate in secondary lymphoid tissue and are weakly cytotoxic but strong secretors of cytokines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leukocyte receptor complex lucus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NK cells are regulated by combination of: |
|
Definition
| inhibitory and activating signals |
|
|
Term
| Stages of B cell development in bone marrow |
|
Definition
| HSC--> Lymphoid progerator-->Pro-Bcell -->Pre-Bcell --> Immature B cell with BCR enters blood |
|
|
Term
| Problems with DNA editing in B cell development |
|
Definition
| DNA editing can lead to non-functional protein or tumor cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| immature B cells are drawn into sec. lymph tissue by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immature B cells move to B cell are of lymph node to interact with: |
|
Definition
| follicular dendritic cell |
|
|
Term
| Naive mature B cell encounters antigen in: |
|
Definition
| T cell area of lymph node |
|
|
Term
| central tolerance for B cells undergos one of three fates: |
|
Definition
| Edit genes for light chain of BCR, dies by apoptosis, becomes anergic |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral tolerance (after B cell enters blood) may still be self reactive to something that it doesn't see in bone marrow. If it responds to antigen while immature: |
|
Definition
| dies by apoptosis, becomes anergic, but cannot edit BCR |
|
|
Term
| B-1 cells are produced during: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-1 cells are self-renewing and located primary in |
|
Definition
| peritoneal and pleural cavities |
|
|
Term
| B-1 cells are innate like and produce "natural antibodies" that recognize: |
|
Definition
| common microbial constituents especially polysaccharide antigens, recognize ABO blood antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immature T cells in thymus |
|
|
Term
| Stages of T cell development |
|
Definition
| HSC in bone marrow, common lymphoid progenitor, moves to thymus --> DN thymocyte , double positive thymocyte, single positive mature T cell |
|
|
Term
| Double negative thymocyte |
|
Definition
| no CD4, no CD8. Beta chain gene for TCR rearranges, VDJ recombination and junctional diversity |
|
|
Term
| Double positive thymocyte |
|
Definition
| both CD4 and CD8, rearranges genes for alpha chain of TCR (VJ), positive selection, negative selection |
|
|
Term
| single positive mature T cell |
|
Definition
| CD4 or CD8, T cell leaves thymus into blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
keep only T cells with TCR that recognizes self MHC
Recognizes MHC I --> live and become CD8
Recognizes MHC II --> live and become CD4
DOens't recognize either --> dies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
delete/kill any T cells with TCR that recognizes self antigen
TCR binds self peptide --> dies
TCR doesn't bind self peptide --> lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thymus! =negative selection (kills T cell recognizing self antigen) |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral T cell tolerance |
|
Definition
| Lack of co-stimulation (lack appropriate signals and die) and Regulatory T Cells (subset of CD4 that suppress activation of other T cells that recognize self antigens) |
|
|
Term
| Activation of naive T cells occurs in: |
|
Definition
| secondary lymphoid tissues |
|
|
Term
| Cells that activate naive T cells: |
|
Definition
| professional antigen presenting cells (DC, macrophages, B cells) |
|
|
Term
| Dendritic cells that activate T cells express 3 types of receptors: |
|
Definition
| phagocytic receptors, pattern recognition recptors, toll-like receptors |
|
|
Term
| Dendritic cells (That activate T cells) become activated when: |
|
Definition
| something (pathogen) binds those receptors or by inflammatory mediators at site |
|
|
Term
| Activated dendritic cells move to lymph node and upregulate molecules needed to active T cells: |
|
Definition
| MHC and co-stimulatory molecules |
|
|
Term
| Signal 1 in T cell activation: |
|
Definition
| antigen recognition = TCR recognizes antigen |
|
|
Term
| Signal 2 in T cell activation: |
|
Definition
| co-stimulation (B7 protein on APC interacts with CD28 on T cell) |
|
|
Term
| IL-2 in T cell activation: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signal 2: costimulation- APC expresses _______ on cell surface and T cell expresses ________ on cell surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main effect of B7-CD28 interaction for T cell activation: |
|
Definition
| cause T cells to make IL-2 |
|
|
Term
| without inflammation or binding of pathogen to dendritic cell, T cells: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When T cell gets signals 1 and 2 from APC: |
|
Definition
| T cell makes high affinity IL-2 receptors, IL- binds high affinity receptor --> T cell divides --> many clones activated |
|
|
Term
| Main types of T effector cells |
|
Definition
| T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells, gamma-delta T cells |
|
|
Term
| T Helper cell subsets are all: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T helper cell subsets make: |
|
Definition
| cytokines that help activate other immune cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produce TH1 cytokines IFN(gamma) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activation of CTL and NK cells, activation of macrophages, production of specific antibody isotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete TH2 cytokines: IL-4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally more production of antibodies "humoral immunity", favor mast cell and eosinophil activation |
|
|
Term
| TH1 vs TH2 development is influenced by: |
|
Definition
| APC = cytokines secreted during T cell activation and other cytokines at site where T cells get activated |
|
|
Term
| TH1 cells interact with macrophages at site of infection: TCR binds: |
|
Definition
| MHCII peptide presented by macrophage, T cell gets signal 1, no signal 2 or IL-2 is necessary |
|
|
Term
| TH1 cells release IFNgamma which acts on macrophage to |
|
Definition
| increase activation (macrophage is better able to kill) |
|
|
Term
| TH2 interact with B cells to help them make Ab, B cells internalize antigens that are bound by their BCR --> |
|
Definition
| MHCII presentation of that antigen |
|
|
Term
| Activated TH2 cells that recognize the antigen will: |
|
Definition
| release cytokines to help B cell activation in LN/spleen |
|
|
Term
| For viruses, which immune response is favored? |
|
Definition
| THI (some TH2 get activated too) |
|
|
Term
| CD8 T cells needs what signals? |
|
Definition
| Signal 1, signal 2, and IL-2 |
|
|
Term
| Once activated, CD8 T cells move to site of infection and need: |
|
Definition
| signal 1 from infected cell |
|
|
Term
| Killing mechanisms of CD8 T cells: |
|
Definition
| Perforin and granzyme; Fas/FasL = death receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CTL express FasL, infected target cell expresses Fas, Binding of FasL to Fas stimulates target to undergo apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| CTL makes ______ to help macrophages get activated and caused infected cells to make more MHCI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another CD4 population, suppress T cell activation/function (turn off activated T cells at endo f infection) |
|
|
