Term
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Definition
| Branch of biomedical science concerned with the response of the organism to antigenic challenge, the recognition of self from non-self, and all of the in vivo, in vitro and physical chemical aspects of immune phenomenon. |
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Term
| Who is attributed with the concept of immunity? |
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Definition
| Edward Jenner (1798) whose work led to smallpox vaccine—the only drug to date to completely eradicate a disease. |
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Term
| Define molecular immunology |
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Definition
Molecular immunology dates from the 1960s and the elucidation of the chemical structure of immunoglobulin molecules.
Advances in molecular biology have produced a new era of potent peptide immunotherapeutic agents beginning with the marketing of interferon alfa in 1986. |
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Term
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Definition
| The state of specific resistance to toxins, microorganisms, and foreign cells. |
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Term
| What macromolecule are toxins composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that is recognized by the immune system as foreign and stimulates an adaptive immune response |
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Term
| Describe antigens in gram (-) bacteria |
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Definition
a. LPS – immunogenic and highly reactive with many cytokines and proteins of the immune system
b. Capsule – usually carbohydrate
c. Integral membrane proteins |
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Term
| Describe antigens in gram (+) bacteria |
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Definition
a. Teichoic Acids
b. Capsules – carbohydrate or other polymers
c. Integral membrane proteins |
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Term
| List cellular components of the broad, innate defenses |
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Definition
| Phagocytes, killer T cells |
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Term
| List humoral components of the broad, innate defenses |
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Definition
| Complement, natural antibodies, maternal antibodies, Toll-like receptors, and other host pattern recognition mechanisms |
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Term
| List components of the specific response to a foregin substance |
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Definition
| Antigen presenting cells, T cells, B cells, and specific antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-reactance to SELF or non-dangerous substances |
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Term
| What is the opposite of immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An abnormal mass of tissue as a result of neoplasia |
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Term
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Definition
A condition in which the body gains immunity against antigens of another individual of the same species, which are perceived as foreign
Ex. reaction to a blood transfusion |
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Term
| How can administered cytokines be effective therapeutically? |
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Definition
| As a tumor treatment, cytokines stimulate anti-cancer immune system |
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Term
| Define immunosupressive agents |
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Definition
| Drugs that act by inhibiting immunity |
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Term
| Define hybridoma technology |
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Definition
| The production of monoclonal antibodies for a specific disease |
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Term
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Definition
Drugs derived from living sources (as opposed to chemically synthesized)
Often not considered drugs by law or by public |
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Term
| Give an example of an active immunizing agent (type of biologics therapy) |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of a passive immunizing agent (type of biologics therapy) |
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Definition
| Immune globulins, antitoxins, antisera, etc |
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Term
| Give an example of a cellular therapy (type of biologics therapy) |
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Definition
| Autologous cultured chondrocytes |
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Term
| Give an example of a biological response modifier (type of biologics therapy) |
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Definition
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Term
| How are biologics regulated? |
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Definition
| FDA assumed control in 1972 with the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) and Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research (CDER) |
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Term
| What is the best known and most widely used biologic? |
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Definition
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Term
| List 6 unique characteristics of biologics |
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Definition
1. Natural
2. Relatively crude
3. Composed of macromolecules
4. Standardized by bioassay
5. Immunogenic
6. Have special hazards |
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Term
| What does "standardized by bioassay" mean? |
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Definition
The unit the drug/biologic is measured in is derived by a system other than mass.
Ex. moles of substrate converted, or antibody neutralization activity |
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Term
| Give an example of active naturally acquired immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of passive naturally acquired immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of active artificially acquired immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| Give an example of passive artificially acquired immunity |
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Definition
| Antisera (blood serum containing polyclonal antibodies) |
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Term
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Definition
| polymorphonuclear leukocytes, aka neutrophils |
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Term
| Define Toll-like receptors |
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Definition
| A family of 10 surface proteins that act as specific receptors for microbial products |
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Term
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Definition
| All trigger a common pathway of intracellular signaling shared by the receptor for cytokine IL-1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Macrophages, mast cells, and B cells |
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Term
| What sorts of things are TLRs likely to recognize? |
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Definition
| LPS, unmetylated DNA, dsDNA, flagella, imidazoquinolones (antiviral drugs), peptidoglycan, porins, other bacterial structures |
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Term
| What happens when TLR4 and LPS bind? |
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Definition
| IRAK4 kinase is stimulated and NFkB is activated, activating genes for inflammatory cytokines |
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Term
| What does TLR3 recognize, and where? |
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Definition
| dsDNA (from viruses) within endosomes |
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Term
| What are the three main characteristics of immunity? |
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Definition
1. Specificity
2. Ability to discern self/non-self
3. Memory |
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Term
| What is the characteristic time-course for active, acquired immunity? |
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Definition
| Delayed onset (7-10 days) and long duration |
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Term
| What is the characteristic time-course for memory immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is immunologic redundancy? |
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Definition
| The fact that a heterogeneous response of different effectors are produced in an active immune response |
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Term
| What is the characteristic time-course for passive immunity? |
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Definition
| Rapid onset (hours) and short duration |
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Term
| What is heterologus passive immunity? |
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Definition
| Immunity transferred from an animal source to a human |
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Term
| What are some disadvantages of passive immunity? |
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Definition
1. No memory
2. Short duration
3. Subsequent exposure may result in allergy |
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Term
| List signs of acute inflammation |
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Definition
| Erythema, edema, heat, pain, possibly loss of function |
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Term
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Definition
| A non-specific protective attempt to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process |
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Term
| List the five steps of inflammation |
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Definition
1. Vasodialation/Increased capillary permeability
2. Infiltration of Plasma and Cells
3. Phagocytosis
4. Localization of irritant
5. Repair |
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Term
| What conditions can lead to chronic inflammation? |
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Definition
| Persistent irritation- TB, burns, infected prosthetic devices |
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Term
| What are the two generalized steps of the immune response? |
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Definition
1. Afferent phase
2. Efferent phase |
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Term
| Define the afferent phase of the immune response |
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Definition
Stimulation of a specific response to an antigen
Includes inflammatory response and antigen processing |
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Term
| Define the efferent phase of the immune response |
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Definition
| Production of effector cells and molecules following antigenic stimulation |
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Term
| What three ways do immune reactions influence an inflammation? |
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Definition
| Immune reactions may initiate (e.g., immune complexes), augment (e.g.,
opsonization), and/or amplify (e.g., complement-fixation) an inflammation. |
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Term
| If either innate or adaptive immune systems are missing, will duration of infection simply double? |
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Definition
| No, both innate and adaptive immunity is necessary as they both influence each other |
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