Term
|
Definition
| Abnormally folded protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| Always considered an obligate intracellular parasite |
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Term
|
Definition
| Term referring to an animal that is carrying a parasite |
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Term
|
Definition
| Term referring to a set of clinical signs which occur together; the sum of clinical signs in a disease state |
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Term
|
Definition
| The presence of an infectious agen in (or on) an individual with accompanying damage to host cells, tissues, or organs; the infection may or may not be clinically apparent |
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Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that usually inhabit the inanimate environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reduced in virulence, less virulent |
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|
Term
| Facultative intracellular parasite |
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Definition
| Term referring to an infectious agen that may replicate inside or outside host cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Clinical disease may be inapparent. Clinical disease may be intermittent during the course of infection. Clinical disease may develop late in the course of the infection. The persistently infected animal may shed the organism, exposing other susceptible animals. |
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Term
| Innate/natural/nonspecific immunity |
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Definition
| Comprises the most rapid response to an initial encounter with a pathoge; the response to a particular pathogen is essentially identical for each exposure (3 answers, all must be correct) |
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Term
| Natural Killer cells, T lymphocytes |
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Definition
| These cells function by killing host cells that are infected with intracellular pathogens (2 answers) |
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Term
| Dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells |
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Definition
| These are considered sentinel cells (3 answers) |
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Term
|
Definition
| These cells recognize antigens with a high degree of specificity, but only if the antigen is presented by another cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| These cells secrete antibodies |
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|
Term
| Secondary immune response |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Both primary and secondary responses |
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Definition
| Displays a high degree of specificity for antigens |
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Term
| Humoral and Cell-mediated immunity |
|
Definition
| Displays high degree of specificity for antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Most effective against intracellular pathogens |
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|
Term
| Secondary lymphatic tissues |
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Definition
| Lymph nodes, site at which lymphocytes respond to antigens |
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|
Term
| Primary lymphatic tissues |
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Definition
| A synonym is central lymphatic tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| Administration of antigens to an animal, vaccination |
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Term
|
Definition
| Provides immunity that is inevitably short-lived |
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|
Term
| Neither active nor passive immunization |
|
Definition
| The immunity that is conferred is nonspecific immunity |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Blood group antigens are an example of targets in a transfusion reaction |
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|
Term
| Type III Hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| Mediated by immune complexes in tissues |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediated by T Lymphocytes |
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|
Term
| Humoral and Cell Mediated Immune deficiencies |
|
Definition
| Involve both primary and secondary immune deficiencies |
|
|
Term
| Primary immune deficiencies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary Immune deficiencies |
|
Definition
| Can be caused by viral infections or nutritional deficiencies |
|
|
Term
| Innate or Adaptive Immunity |
|
Definition
| Can be affected by immune deficiencies |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytokine with antiviral properties |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of proteins that act together to enhance inflammation and phagocytosis, in addition to forming pores in cell membranes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The innate immune system is the first to respond. Has nothing to do with immunologic memory, but does activate the adaptive immune system. Specifically, dendritic cells (a type of sentinel cell) present an antigen to T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes in secondary lymphatic tissue also recognize the antigen and undergo proliferation. They form antibodies which are Ig molecules. Some of the activated lymphocytes become effectors and fight the infection. Others become memory cells and are stored for subsequent encounters with the antigen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| activation of eosinophils |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Activate helper T lymphocytes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibit adaptive immune response |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Killing of host cells that are infected with an intracellular pathogen (2) |
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|
Term
| Macrophages and neutrophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dendritic cell, Macrophage, B lymphocyte |
|
Definition
| Presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes (3) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complement activation (2) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type II and III Hypersensitivities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type III hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| Mediated by immune complexes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediated by T lymphocytes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Immediate hypersensitivity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diagnostic skin test for tuberculosis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Type III Hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| Purpura hemorrhagica following Streptococcus equi infection of horses (Strangles) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Displays a rapid response with each and every encounter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Displays a very high degree of specificity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neutrophils are important mediators |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Results in formation of memory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T lymphocytes are important mediators |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The response that displays a greater magnitude than the other |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The response that is slower to develop than the other |
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|
Term
| Neither primary nor secondary |
|
Definition
| The response that occurs in primary lymphatic tissue |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The response for which B lymphocytes are essential |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The response for which T lymphocytes are essential |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The response that is associated with immunologic memory |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The response that is more important for eliminating intracellular pathogens |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| May provide cell-mediated immunity to animal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Provides immediate benefit to animal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates immunologic memory |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Transfer of antibodies to a susceptible animal |
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|
Term
| Secondary immune deficiency |
|
Definition
| Infection by certain pathogens may cause this |
|
|
Term
| Both primary and secondary immune deficiency |
|
Definition
| May affect innate immunity |
|
|
Term
| Both primary and secondary immune deficiency |
|
Definition
| Occurs in secondary lymphatic tissues |
|
|
Term
| Primary lymphatic tissues |
|
Definition
| Central tolerance is established in these tissues |
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|
Term
| Secondary lymphatic tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary lymphatic tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that are signaling molecules, released by one cell and induce action in another cell; coordinate host defense mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibition of the binding of a toxin or pathogen to its cellular receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecular structures found in microorganisms that are unlike any found in host animals |
|
|
Term
| Facultative intracellular pathogen |
|
Definition
| Microorganism that causes pathology and may replicate either inside or outside of host cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A parasite that causes no discernible harm to its host |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plasma proteins whose concentration increases as part of the systemic response to inflammation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A parasite that does no discernible damage to host |
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Term
|
Definition
| The competency of an infectious agent in producing disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| Humoral and cell-mediated immunity are both aspects of this |
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|
Term
| Tears (eyes), urine (urinary tract) |
|
Definition
| Two examples of cleansing mechanisms at epithelial surfaces |
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Term
|
Definition
| Acquired early in life, competes with potential pathogens for attachment sites, competes with potential pathogens for nutrients, secretes substances that inhibit colonization by pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| Portion of the respiratory system least likely to have a normal microbial flora |
|
|
Term
| Fever, lethargy, loss of appetite |
|
Definition
| 3 systemic effects of local inflammation on the CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| Term for that portion of an antigen that actually makes contact with an antibody |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Presents antigenic peptides to CD4 lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Both class I and class II |
|
Definition
| Transports irregular antigenic peptides to the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| Secondary lymphatic tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary lymphatic tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cell that is most important for the initial activation of CD4 T Lymphocytes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The cell that is most important for the initial activation of B lymphocytes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The cell whose major function is to secrete antibodies |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The cell whose major function is to recruit and activate eosinophils |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells whose major function is to kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The cell found primarily in nodular lymphatic tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibody class found primarily in plasma, with a very low concentration in tissues |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibody whose class plasma concentration is higher than all other classes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibody class whose concentration in body secretions is higher than all other classes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibody class found primarily bound to mast cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First antibody class expressed by B lymphocytes following maturation in primary lymphatic tissues |
|
|
Term
| Innate immunity relies on recognizing pathogen associated molecular patterns while the adaptive immunity recognizes specific antigens found on the pathogens. This difference allows the adaptive immune system to have a higher specificity than the innate system when recognizing and attacking pathogens |
|
Definition
| Differences between innate and adaptive immunity, in terms of their means of recognizing pathogens. |
|
|
Term
| The innate immune system is much faster to respond than the adaptive immune system. Parts of the innate immune system can be activated within minutes to hours, but the adaptive immune system can take days to be activated. |
|
Definition
| Describe the differences between innate and adaptive immunity, in terms of their timing. |
|
|
Term
| Immunologic memory stems from the recognition of a specific antigen by a T lymphocyte that then proliferates to form effector cells and memory cells. The memory cells become more numerous and their affinity grows for their antigen after each subsequent exposure. This allows for the adaptive immune system to respond quicker and more powerfully each time the specific antigen invades the body. |
|
Definition
| Explanation of the molecular and cellular basis of immunologic memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Complement activation (2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kills host cells infected by intracellular pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recruits and activates eosinophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recruits and activates macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transferred into the newborn's plasma by ingestion of colostrum |
|
|
Term
| Recurrent infections, opportunistic infections |
|
Definition
| 2 clinical indications of an immune deficiency syndrome in an animal |
|
|
Term
| Immediate hypersensitivity reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Delayed hypersensitivity reaction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Allergic contact dermatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type III Hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
| Type III, IV Hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| Immune mediated polyarthritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type I Hypersensitivity antigen-specific mediator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type II hypersensitivity antigen-specific mediator (2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type III hypersensitivity antigen-specific mediator |
|
|
Term
| CD4 T Lymphocytes, CD8 T lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| Type IV Hypersensitivity antigen-specific mediators (2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type I hypersensitivity non-specific mediators (2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type II hypersensitivity non-specific mediators (2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type III hypersensitivity non-specific mediators (2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type IV Hypersensitivity non-specific mediators (2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two general categories or types of allergens |
|
|
Term
| Complement-mediated lysis of RBCs within vasculature |
|
Definition
| In immune mediated hemolytic anemia, intravascular hemolysis results from: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with administration of a toxoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with cell-mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with immediate immunity with no lag time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Associated with immunologic memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asexual, unicellular reproductive form of a fungus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In presentation of antigen to T lymphocyes, what is the name of the cell that initially presents antigen and activates T lymphocytes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One class of T lymphocytes is initially the antigen presented with the antigen. This class of lymphocytes is named by the cell surface molecule that they express. What is in this class, or molecule? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When this class of T lymphocyte differentiates, it may become one of two classes of lymphocytes, each with different effector functions. Those two functional classes are ______ or ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which cytokine is required for proliferation of most T lymphocytes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Another class of T lymphocytes, called Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc), is responsible for killing cells that are infected with intracellular pathogens. This class of lymphocytes is named by the cell surface molecule that they express. What is this class, or molecule? |
|
|
Term
| Animal reservoirs, carrier hosts, environment, stress |
|
Definition
| Sources of infectious agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the bloodstream, with signs of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microorganisms that normally inhabit the inanimate environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infection that results from the activity of a veterinarian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A species that can serve as an alternate host for a microorganism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In this branch of the immune system, recognition is based on precise arrangements of amino acids or polysaccharides that are unique to a species or even strain of pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This branch of the immune system is characterized by its ability to respond more rapidly upon subsequent encounters with a pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| T and B lymphocytes are essential components of this branch of the immune system |
|
|
Term
| Loss of peristalsis in intestinal tract, long-term antibacterial therapy, significant dietary changes |
|
Definition
| The normal microbial flora of the digestive tract may be disrupted by all of the following: |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial damage and disruption of mucociliary transport |
|
Definition
| A very significant potential effect of viral infection on the respiratory tract is: |
|
|
Term
| Antimicrobial substances in tears, the cleansing effect of tears, secretory IgA in tears, NOT mucus layer that traps foreign particles |
|
Definition
| The surface of the eye are protected by all of the following mechanisms: |
|
|
Term
| Collectins, exposed basement membranes of host tissues, microbial cell walls, NOT defensins |
|
Definition
| The complement system may be activated by all of the following: |
|
|
Term
| Mast cell activation, microbial killing, attract or recruit neutrophils, opsonization, NOT neutralization |
|
Definition
| Following activation, complement components can perform all of the following functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydroxyl radical, hypochlorite |
|
Definition
| The two products of the respiratory burst that are most effective at killing ingested microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte emigration |
|
Definition
| Three microvascular processes that occur in acute inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Histamine, Prostaglandin E2 |
|
Definition
| Directly contributes to increased blood flow at the site of acute inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Leukotriene B4, chemokines |
|
Definition
| Responsible for chemotaxis of neutrophils through tissues |
|
|
Term
| Interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha |
|
Definition
| Responsible for fever associated with acute inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Administration of antitoxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Confers immunity without a lag time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Establishes immunologic memory in the recipient |
|
|
Term
| Infection may result in self antigens from damaged tissue to be presented by activated dendritic cells, certain microbial antigens may activate lymphocytes that cross-react with self antigens, the inflammation and tissue damage in infection may result in self antigens being presented to T lymphocytes at higher concentrations than usual, NOT absence of Treg lymphocytes in infection may lead to activation of lymphocytes that recognize self antigens |
|
Definition
| Potential role of infection in inducing autoimmunity |
|
|
Term
| Dilute and or remove the injurious agent and any tissue debris from the site of injury, prepare the tissue for repair and healing |
|
Definition
| The two essential functions of acute inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In cattle and horses, the acute-phase protein that can be measured clinically as an indicator of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Induce cells to synthesize proteins that inhibit viral replication |
|
Definition
| Antiviral actions of interferons are based on their ability to |
|
|
Term
| NK cells, Th1 lymphocytes |
|
Definition
| The two major sources of interferon-y are: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The site of maturation of B lymphocytes from precursor cells in birds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The site of maturation of T lymphocytes from precursor cells in birds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lymphatic tissue that filters antigens from the blood stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The microanatomic site populated by T lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Function of B lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Function of Th1 lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Kill cells infected by intracellular parasites |
|
Definition
| Function of Tc lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Inhibit adaptive immune responses |
|
Definition
| Function of Treg lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| High molecular complexity, large molecular size, polysaccharides, proteins, NOT lipids |
|
Definition
| Features of a good antigen include all of the following: |
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|
