Term
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Definition
| coating of a pathogen with antibodies, promotes phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins that enhance the phagocytosis of pathogens |
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Term
| T or F? B cells generally require the help of activated T cells to mature into antibody-secreting plasma cells |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F? B-cell receptors are physically cross linked by the repetitive epitopes of antigens |
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Definition
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Term
| What two surface proteins relay interaction with antigen to the interior of the cell? |
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Definition
| IgA and IgB. they both contain cytoplasmic tails that contain two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) that react with tyrosine kinases. |
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Term
| Which tyrosine kinase binds to the IgB tails? This initiates intracellular signaling pathways. |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein complex on the B-cell surface that associates with the B-cell receptor. Made of 3 proteins(CD21, CD19, CD81). |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Part of Bcell co-receptor that binds to complement components deposited on a pathogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of Bcell co-receptor that acts as the signaling chain of the receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of Bcell co-receptor whose function that is not known. Acts as surface receptor for hepatitis C virus. |
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Term
| What binds to the CR2 component of the B-cell co-receptor to which starts intracellular signaling? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antigens that can activate naive B cell without help from CD4 T cells. |
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Definition
| Thymus-Independent antigens (TI antigens) |
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Term
| Antigens that need help from CD4 T cells |
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Definition
| Thymus-dependent antigens (TD antigens) |
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Term
| Which antibody is solely produced by TI antigens? (TI-1) |
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Definition
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Term
| TI antigen that only stimulates B cells specific for the antigen? There is little isotype switching(mostly IgM) |
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Definition
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Term
TI antigen that only stimulates B cells specific for the antigen? There is little isotype switching(mostly IgM)
-composed of repetitive carbs or protein epitopes |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two roles of B-cell receptors in B cell activation? |
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Definition
1.) binding of antigen(sends signal)
2.) internalizing antigen by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
(presentation) |
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Term
| How does naive B cells enter the T zone of a lymph nodes? |
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Definition
| high endothelial veules(HEV) |
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Term
| Which cytokine produced by TH2 cells are essential for B-cell proliferation? |
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Definition
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Term
| B cells activated by helper T cells in the T-cell areas of a lymph node form what? (dividing B lymphoblasts) |
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Definition
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Term
| With increased number of centroblasts, the primary follicle becomes what? (contain newly formed B cells) |
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Definition
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Term
| Where the centroblasts become closed packed? |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F? Centroblasts give rise to nondividing centrocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do centrocytes interact with follicular dendritic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F? follicular dentritic cells pick up antigen but dont internalize it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where B-cells that where in the primary follicle that are not specific for the antigen are pushed out to the outside of the germinal center called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in a germinal center? |
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Definition
| B-cell proliferation, somatic hypermutation, selection of antigen binding |
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Term
| T or F? A population of centrocytes express immunoglobulins with a range of affinities for a specific antigen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name of the complex called when follicular dendritic cells bind to either antibodies or antibodies/complement |
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Definition
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Term
| Name of bundles of membrane coated with immune complexes that often bud off the surface of follicular dendritic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Antigen in form of antigen/antibody/complement complex bind to what part of the follicular dendritic cell? |
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Definition
| Fc receptors (attach to antibody) |
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Term
| Another name for activated B-cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What protein is made by centrocytes to prevent apoptosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrophages that have recently engulfed apoptotic centrocytes |
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Definition
| tingible body macrophages |
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Term
| T or F? The induction of isotype switching by cognate helper T cells also require the ligation of CD40 on the Bcell surface by CD40 ligand on the Tcells |
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Definition
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Term
| These patients have abnormally high levels of IgM. They lack the CD40 ligand so there is no isotype switching to IgG and IgA. |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F? The Fc region of IgM can not directly recruit the destructive capabilities of phagocytes. They first must bind to complement. |
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Definition
True
phagocytes dont have IgM receptors |
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Term
| Circulating IgM and (more so) IgG prevent blood borne infections called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which antibody protects the surfaces of the epithelia that communicates with the external environment? |
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Definition
dimeric IgA
-in secretions |
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Term
| Receptor-mediated transport of a macromolecule from one side of a cell to another is called? (dimeric IgA) |
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Definition
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Term
| Dimeric form of IgA bind to which cell-surface receptor on epitheial cells that aids in its transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| IgG is transported from the blood into extracellular space by an Fc receptor on endothelial cells called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which antibody is recieved from an infant to its mother? |
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Definition
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Term
| Transfer of preformed IgA from mother to child in breast milk is an example of what? |
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Definition
| passive transfer of immunity |
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Term
| Modified toxin molecules found in vaccines, in which the toxic chain has been denatured to remove toxicity. |
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Definition
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Term
High Affinity IgG serves the tissues
High Affinity IgA serves the mucosal surfaces |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of transfering protective antibodies that are produced by immunizing domestic animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| The protein on the outer envelope of the influenza virus that binds to cell surfaces? |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F? Fc receptors of phagocytes consists of a alpha chain made up of immunoglobulin-like domains. |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F? Signals from the Fc receptors enhance phaocytosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibitory receptors contain what on their cytoplasmic tails? |
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Definition
| immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs) |
|
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Term
| macrophages and neutrophils express Fc receptors called _______? Which are specific for the Fc regions of IgG anitbodies. |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F? Fcgamma receptors have a very low affinity for IgG molecules in the absence of antigen |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytoplasm of resting mast cells contain ________, and other molecules that contribute to inflammation. |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F? The antigen must cross link at least two IgE molecules in order to activate mast cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Large amounts of IgE can be made in response to innocuous substances called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is the Fc receptor of Natural killer cells (NK cells)? |
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Definition
| CD16, its specific for IgG1 and IgG2 |
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Term
| Antibody-coated target cells can be killed by NK cells by which process? |
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Definition
| Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). |
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Term
| T or F? IgE antibodies binds FIRST to the Fc receptor of mast cells, basophils, and activated esinophils then awaits its antigen |
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Definition
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Term
| Which pathway uses Antibodies in order to trigger complemt activation? |
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Definition
| classical pathway of complement |
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Term
| Which pathway is activated by binding of a plasma protien to mannose-containing peptidoglycans? |
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Definition
| lectin pathway of complement activation |
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Term
| Which pathway is activated by direct environmental influence of the microbial surface? |
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Definition
| alternative pathway of complement |
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Term
| Process of C3b covalently binding to the surface components of pathogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Enzyme secreted in its inactive form |
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Definition
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Term
| All three pathways converge to the same reaction. what happens in this reaction? |
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Definition
| The cleavage of complement component C3 into fragments C3b and C3a and covalent binding of C3b to the pathogens surface |
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Term
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Definition
| recruits inflammatory cells to the site of infection? |
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Term
| Most abundant complement component in plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What starts the classical pathway? |
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Definition
| Complement component C1 binds to Fc region of an antibody |
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Term
| What starts the classical pathway? |
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Definition
| Complement component C1 binds to Fc region of an antibody |
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Term
| C1 is made up of 3 protein. what are they? |
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Definition
C1q-binds to Fc region(largest portion)
C1r and C1s-inactive proteases |
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Term
| Which isotype is the most efficient at activating complement in classical pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F? Classical Pathway-Upon binding to specific antigen, IgM changes is conformation to its "staple" form (less planar) inorder to bind C1q |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F? Classical Pathway-C1q bind must bind to two or more IgG molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| t or F? Classical pathway- Once bound to antibody C1r cuts itself and activates the other C1r and both C1s. |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F? Classical Pathway- Activated C1s is a protease that binds, cleaves, and activates the next two components, C4 and C2? |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F? C4 is cleaved by C1s, this exposes a reacative thioester bond(in alpha chain) that attaches the C4b to the pathogen surface. |
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Definition
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Term
| C2a (larger unit of C2) binds to a C4b fragment on pathogen surface. This C4b2a complex is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whats the function of classical C3 convertase? |
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Definition
| cleave the complement component C3 and activate it. |
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Term
| T or F? Once cleaved by classical C3 convertase(C4b2a), the larger product (C3b) become covalently bound to the pathogens surface near the C4b2a (another thioester bond). |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency in C4A is associated with which autoimmune disease? |
|
Definition
| systemic lupus erythematousus |
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Term
| Cleaveage of C3 by classical C3 convertase produces what? |
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Definition
| an increased in the number of comlement fragments attacted to the pathogen surface |
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Term
| T or F? Alternative Pathway- Factor B binds to C3b on the pathogen surface, which makes it susceptible to cleavage by factor D. This leaves Bb fragment attatched to C3b. |
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Definition
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Term
| The function of C3bBb convertase (alternative C3 convertase)? |
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Definition
| it cleaves C2 molecules, exposing their thioester bonds to attack by water. |
|
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Term
| Two types of C3 convertases? |
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Definition
Classical- C2aC4b
Alternative- C2bBb (can assemble more enzyme) |
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Term
| Four types of complement receptors? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Function of complement receptor 2 (CR2 or CD21)? |
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Definition
1.) On B-cells and follicular dendric cells, binds to complment fragments iC3b, C3d, C3dg(by degradation of C3b at pathogen surface).
2.) component of the B-cell co-receptor(binds to complement on pathogens) |
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Term
| Function of complement receptor 1 (CR1) |
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Definition
1.) On macrophages and neutrophils, binds to C3b or C4b on pathogen surface. It enhances uptake and destruction of pathogen by phagocytic cells.
2.) On erythrocytes, clears immune complexes from circulation |
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Term
| What initates phagocytosis and intracelluar killing. |
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Definition
1.) binding of IgG to an Fcgamma receptor
2.) Cytokine IFN-gamma produced by activated T-cells |
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Term
| T or F? CR1 and CR3 are important in phagocytosis of complement-coated bacteria? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Its the binding site for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). |
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Term
| Function of complement receptors 3 and 4 (CR3 and CR4)? |
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Definition
Both are Beta-integrins that bind to iC3b on pathogen surface.
Beta-integrins also function as cell adhesion molecules. |
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Term
| T or F? binding of CR3 to iC3b is sufficient in itself to stimulate phagocytosis? (unlike C3b and CR1) |
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Definition
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Term
| Specialized epithelial cells that cover the capillaries that express CR1 receptors. Picks up immune complexes that pass through the basement membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| Autoimmune disease that overflows renal podocytes. This damages the glomeruli and causes kindney failure. |
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Definition
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Term
| C3b can bind either C3 convertases to produce which enzyeme that acts on C5 component. |
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Definition
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Term
| Classical C5 convertase is made up of what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Alternative C5 convertase consists of what? |
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Definition
| Bb, plus two C3b fragments (C3b2Bb) |
|
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Term
| T or F? C5 lacks thioester bond (cant bind to surface), and broken down to C5a and C5b? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| initiate the formation of membrane-attack complex |
|
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Term
| function of membrane-attack complex? |
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Definition
| initiated by C5b and makes holes in membranes of bacterial pathogens. |
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Term
| T or F? polymerization of C9 component is what forms the transmembrane pores? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T or F? The smaller complement fragments (C3a,C4b,C5a) are active and increase inflamation. |
|
Definition
True. called anaphylatoxins
C5a is most stable and potent. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1.) increase adherence of neutrophils and monocytes to vessel walls
2.) chemoattractant, direct their migration towards sites of antigen deposition. |
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Term
| Two kinds of complement control protiens? |
|
Definition
1.) Plasma proteins
2.) Membrane proteins |
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Term
| Plasma protien that inhibits the classical pathway of complement activation. (irreversibly inhibits activated C1r and C1s). |
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Definition
C1 inhibitor (C1INH)
-inhibits the time that C1 molecules remain active |
|
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Term
| Hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE) |
|
Definition
caused by one defective copy of C1INH
-higher levels of C1
-more small fragments (increase inflamation)
-swollen kid |
|
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Term
| Hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE) |
|
Definition
caused by one defective copy of C1INH
-higher levels of C1
-more small fragments (increase inflamation)
-swollen kid |
|
|
Term
Classical C3 convertase is inactivated by what (control mechanism)?
plamsa protein |
|
Definition
C4-binding protein (C4BP)
-binds to C4b (displaces C2a) and makes it susceptible to inactivation by the plasma serine protease *Factor I* |
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|
Term
C5 convertase is inactivated by what (control mechanism)?
plasma protein |
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Definition
Factor H
-binds to C3b which makes it susceptible to inactivation by the plasma serine protease *Factor I* |
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Term
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF)?
membrane protein |
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Definition
| dissociates C3 convertases at human cell surfaces. |
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|
Term
Membrane co-factor protein (MCP)?
membrane protein |
|
Definition
| dissociatese C3 convertases at human cell surface but also makes them succeptible to cleavge by factor I |
|
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Term
| Function of (HRF) and CD59(protectin) on human cell surface? |
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Definition
| prevent recuitment of C9 (forms pores). |
|
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Term
| Elongated structures that regulate complement? |
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Definition
| complement control protein (CCP) modules |
|
|
Term
| Proteins made up of CCP modules? |
|
Definition
regulators of complement activation (RCA)
-DAF
-MCP
-factor H |
|
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Term
| Some B lyphoblasts from primary focus move to the medullary cords and form plasma cells with help of which cytokines. |
|
Definition
| IL-5 and IL-6 which are secreted by TH2 cells |
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