Term
| 3 adherence mechanisms and what their found on |
|
Definition
capsid molecules on viruses
pilli, fimbrae, and cell wall on bacteria
suckers on protozoa and helminths |
|
|
Term
| 5 methods of phagocytotic resistance |
|
Definition
cell invasion
capsules
enzymes that damage phagocytes and inhibit lysosome activity
survival inside the phagocyte
lysis of phagocyte |
|
|
Term
| 3 host cell damage methods |
|
Definition
viral and plasmodium replication destories cell
bacteria and fungi have invasive enzymes
size of helminths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are endotoxins found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein synthesis inhibition
nerve impulse transmission inhibition
adenylate cyclase inhibition or activation |
|
|
Term
| 5 steps of inflammatory response |
|
Definition
1. mast cells release histamine causing capillaries to dilate
2. prostaglandins move in and cause inflammation via leukotrienes, phagocytes and clotting factors move in
3. mesh like proteins form together: eathepsin, elastase, proteases
4. platlets move out of capillary to seal wound
5. serum proteins, compliment, clotting proteins, and CRP move in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
firin is made via thrombin in coagulation cascade
platlets, fibrin, cells, and mictobes aggregate together |
|
|
Term
| how can a clot be stopped, give an example |
|
Definition
| bacterial enzymes that degrade it like streptokinase |
|
|
Term
| what are PMNs? what proteins do they express? what do these proteins do? |
|
Definition
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
b-defensins: disrupt lipid membranes by making pores
dermicidins: made in sweat glands
cathelicidins: cleaved into LL37 which is toxic to microbes by binding LPS |
|
|
Term
| what are neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS), what is their function |
|
Definition
serine proteases exocytosed by neutrophils: cathepsin G, neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3
trap chromatin to bind bacteria |
|
|
Term
| how can bacteria defend against NETS |
|
Definition
| DNAases or capsules to prevent entrapment |
|
|
Term
| what is lysozyme, what is its function |
|
Definition
| antimictobal protein that damages bacteria prptidoglycan |
|
|
Term
| what does lipopolysaccharide binding protein do |
|
Definition
| reduce pathology by binding toxic bacterial products like lipopolysaccharide |
|
|
Term
| where is C reactive protein made, induced by what? |
|
Definition
| iin the liver in response to IL-6 |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of C reactive protein |
|
Definition
| monitor inflammation, activate compliments and phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| explain the process and parts of macrophage recognition of a microbe |
|
Definition
macrophage pattern recognition receptor (PRR) recognizes pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on microbe these are located on the lipopolysaccharides, bacterial DNA/RNA, or flagella.
Toll like receptor of macrophage binds these regions causing release of TNF, IL-1, IL-6 and activates T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind carbs on bacteria and activate the mannose bindling lectin pathway, inhibit bacterial growth, help with opsonization, recruit cells, compliments, macrphages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
release INF gamma, TNF, IL-10
lyse infected host cells with cytotoxic granules and perforin
inhibited by self MHC-I
bridge innate and adaptive immunity |
|
|
Term
| how do macrophages kill oxidativly |
|
Definition
| damage DNA and proteins, alter pH, protease activity, short lived with high toxicity, combine with serum lipoproteins for form lipid peroxides which are stable for longer and damage cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| how do macrophages (and other cells) kill non-oxidativly |
|
Definition
lysosomal granules: hydrolases, defensins, lacroferrin (Fe binding, stops microbe metabolism)
PMN granules act on phagosome and fuse with it
myeloproxidase
esoinophil catatonic proteins (used on worms)
NO
lysozyme |
|
|
Term
| what cytokines mediate eosinophil catatonic protein production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is produced so macrophages can use it as a weapon, explain a benifit of this process |
|
Definition
| conversion of arginine to cirrulline by arginase (deprivation of arginine also helps kill viruses) |
|
|
Term
| what cytokines do macrophages secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 7 functions of macrophages |
|
Definition
kill microbes intracellularly and extracellularly
cause fever via IL-1 and prostaglandins
activate lymphocytes
cause chronic inflammation via granuloma
repair tissue via collagenase
activate neurtrophils with IL-8 and TNF
kill tumors |
|
|
Term
| what does inf alpha and beta do? |
|
Definition
inhibit viral RNA synthesis without damaging host, quickly, via 2,5-oligoadenylate synthase
increases MHC I and NK cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made mostly by T cells. activates NK cells, involved in class switching and B cell maturation, upload MHC II and antigen, related to cell mediated immunity, enhance killing, inhibit Th2 and help Th1 development, induce MHC on cell surfaces, IgG production, isotope switching to opsonizing antobodies, made by NK and gamma delta T cells to activate macrophages in early infection or Th1 selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dilates vessels, increases permability to IgG, compliment, and cells to tissues and drainage to nodes
causes fever, mobilization of metabolites, shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
activate vascular endothelium and lymphocytes (T cell activation and B cell cloning), destories local tissue
induces IL-6 production, causes fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
induces lymphcyte activation, antobody production, plasma protein differentiation
causes fever and inflammation
causes acute phase protein production by heptatocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemotactic factor that recruits neutrophils, basophils, and T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
activates NK cells, induces differentation of CD4 to Th1
INF gamma activation of CD8 |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in the primary part of the adaptive response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what occurs in the secondary part of the adaptive response? |
|
Definition
| IgG, IgA, IgE and memory cell production |
|
|
Term
| 8 ways antibodies do their job |
|
Definition
bind to microbe surface
interfere with receptors microbes want (prevent adherence)
interfere with toxin receptors on host (tetanus, diptheria)
block attachment molecules
immobilization and aggultination: make microbe or microbes stick together making phagocytosis easier
induce compliments to come and do lysis
promote opsonization
cause cellular toxicity |
|
|
Term
| 2 ways antibodies cause opsonization |
|
Definition
Fc receptors bind to CD2 and CH3 on microbe and activate compliments that allow C3b to bind microbe via classic compliment pathway
IgG allows neutrophils to phagocytose |
|
|
Term
| explain antigen mediated cellular toxicity |
|
Definition
| phagocytes, eosinophils, and platlets make contact with microbe via antibody Fc region and inflict cellular damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibody to virus or tumor antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can we destory a microbe in a cell |
|
Definition
| destory cell and release via CD8, NK, macrophage, dendritic cell to make CD4 to make antigen |
|
|
Term
| what causes a T cell to turn into Th1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes a T cell to turn into Th2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes a T cell to turn into Th17 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of Th17 |
|
Definition
| with IL-17 and IL-22 it restricts tissue damage during inflammation and recruits neutrophils, role in antimicrobal immunity |
|
|
Term
| why is recovery sometimes ineffective |
|
Definition
first in adaptive response recovery is ineffective because we dont know what the microb is yet so body only responds to danger signals
mostly unknown
poor nutrition causes leptin to decrease inducing PMN activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glycosylated proteins that trap microbes and promote removal from mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| what are the different types of lectins |
|
Definition
| salic acid binding, galactose binding, P blood group antigen |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of salic acid binding lectins |
|
Definition
| hemmagglutinin envelope glycoproteins or orthomyxoviruses |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of galactose binding lectins |
|
Definition
| entamoeba histolytica adherence lectin |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of P blood group antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the types of microbial adhesions |
|
Definition
| lectins, polysaccharide, fimbrae / pilli, non-fimbrae bacterial adhesions, lpipd, mechanical |
|
|
Term
| give an example of a polysaccharide adhesion |
|
Definition
| glycosaminoglycan on chalmydia trachomatis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples of microbes that have fimbrae or pilli |
|
Definition
| e. coli (P-fimbrae), nisseria gonorrhoeae, salmonella, vibro cholera |
|
|
Term
| what are bacteria that have non-fimbral adhestions |
|
Definition
| bordella pertussus with filamentous agglutinin, T. pallidum with fibronectin-binding protein |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of lipid adhesions |
|
Definition
| streptococcus pyogens with lipoteichoic acid, leishmania with lipophysphoglycan |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of mechanical adhesions |
|
Definition
| giradia lamblia with the gripping disc |
|
|
Term
| what are the different kinds of host cell receptors |
|
Definition
| sugars, fibronectin, CD-21, and immunoglobin superfamily |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of sugar host cell receptors |
|
Definition
| salic acid, P-blood group antigen, duffy blood group |
|
|
Term
| what is a microbe that uses a fibronectin receptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what attaches to CD-21 rceptors |
|
Definition
| compliment C3d on B cells |
|
|
Term
| what is part of the immunoglobulin super family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| community of microbes in slime (extracellular polysaccharides) with water filled channels that have nutrients, movement, and waste removal |
|
|
Term
| what are areas where you have to worry about biofilm |
|
Definition
| artificial heart valves, indwelling catheter, contacts, lungs, teeth, water lines, storage tanks |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of enzymes microbes have |
|
Definition
| IgA protease, C5a peptidase |
|
|
Term
| what is panton-valentine leukocidin |
|
Definition
| secreted protein that causes membrane pore production and death of leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| what is streptolysin O and S |
|
Definition
| streptococcus pyogenes secretes it. protein that damages membrane of a variety of cells by making lytic pores similar to complement pathway |
|
|
Term
| what 3 toxins are released in whooping cough, what do they do |
|
Definition
tracheal cytotoxin (destories cilia, inhibits DNA synthesis)
pertussis toxin (fibe subunits secreted into host to disrupt signal transduction)
adenylate cyclase toxin (kills macrophages, disrupts epithelial cell adenylate cyclase |
|
|
Term
| how can antigens on the microbe help save them |
|
Definition
they can allter they following initial immune response (influenza, african sleeping sickness)
they can be similar to host molecules |
|
|
Term
| why is host immune response speed critical |
|
Definition
slow response may give microbe opportunity to shed from body in larger amounts
microbes that evolved well will delay host response |
|
|
Term
| why is microbe fast evolution important to them |
|
Definition
| they have to evolve faster than host to stay alive and hand over genes in plasmids to related and unrelated bacteria |
|
|
Term
| why do most parasites have a balanced relationship with their host |
|
Definition
| becuase they need the benifits of a generally healthy host, the more ancient the relationship the less damage there is |
|
|
Term
| how do microbes gain entry into host |
|
Definition
attach to surfaces or penetrating
biting arthropods
skin wounds or animal bites
when systemic defenses are impaired |
|
|
Term
| what is a biological response gradient, what is it dependent on |
|
Definition
| microbes dont cause same symptoms in everyone. dependent on dose, age, sex, presence of other microbes, nutrition, genetics. |
|
|
Term
| what is the iceberg affect |
|
Definition
| iin most people infections are asymptmatic and they can infect others without knowing |
|
|
Term
| define redundancy, give an example |
|
Definition
several cytokines have similar properities so blocking only 1 isnt completely effective, they have synnergistic effects
INF and IL-1 both treat rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytokine affect on a variety of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytokine effect on producing cells (IL-2, Th) |
|
|
Term
| describe the levels of secretion of cytokines in innate immunity |
|
Definition
| low levels over a short range but high enough to see in the blood, falls once infection has subsided. some are secreted at low levels all the time |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean that cytokines are secreted transiently |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can a cytokine get more receptors |
|
Definition
| upregulation after activation, aggregation after activation that activates tyrosine kinases |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of cytokine receptors |
|
Definition
| general cytokine receptor family, chemokine, TNF, hemopoietin receptor |
|
|
Term
| what is the type of receptor on most cytokines, what is its function |
|
Definition
| hemopoietin receptor, act as growth factors and INFs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more than one type of receptor is affected by one cytokine and effects many cell types |
|
|
Term
| what is wrong in X-linked severe combined immune deficiency disease (SCID) |
|
Definition
| IL-2, IL-4, IL-7 all have a gamma chain. the gamma chain is defective due to IL-2R subunit missing and none of them can even be used as a back up for eachother |
|
|
Term
| explain how a cytokine receptor works |
|
Definition
when it binds JAK (tyrosine kinase) receptor activates
JAK phosphorlyates trascription factors called signal transducers and activators (STAT) which form dimers and migrate to nucleus
THIS PROCESS NEEDS IL-2 DEFICIENCY CAUSES SCID |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attract cells (neutrophils) to inflammed tissue attract B cells, dendritic cells, adn T cell to geminal centers |
|
|
Term
| describe a chemokine receptor |
|
Definition
| a helix that spans cytoplasm 7 times, turns GDP into GTP |
|
|
Term
| what molecules are included in the TNF superfamily |
|
Definition
| TNFa, TNFb, CD-40-ligand, Fas-ligand |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of TNFa |
|
Definition
induce adhesion molecules on endothelial tissue
cytotoxic to tumor cells
increase phagoctotic action
cachexia: wasting effect (chronic inflammation)
induces apoptosis via capsases |
|
|
Term
| name the receptor for each TNF superfamily molecule |
|
Definition
TNFa: TNF receptor
CD40-ligand: CD-40 receptor
FAA0ligand: FAS receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Th1 and Tc (cytotoxic lymphocytes) |
|
|
Term
| what does CD40-ligand (CD145) do |
|
Definition
| binds macrophage or endothelial cell and induces transcription of genes through molecules that activate nuclear factor kB/Fas ligand ligation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| induce apoptosis when it binds to affected cells via capsases or death domain engagement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
name indicates cystine location
function to activate many cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eosinophil chemotactic agent |
|
|
Term
| what IL can ativate IL-2 receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effect T cell proliferation (receptor only on T cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
activate B cell
switch IgE to IgG
Th selection involvement
made by T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Th2 stimulation of IgA
eosinophil production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymphocyte production and maturation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attract neutrophils to the infection site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibit Th1 pathway, promote Th2
reduce MHC II by APCs
IgG production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
like IL-2
maturation of NK cells
mast cell proliferation |
|
|
Term
| what are the hematopoietic cytokines |
|
Definition
G-CSF, GM-CSF
IL-7, IL-3
hormone help via erythropoietin |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps to cytokine actions in immune response |
|
Definition
1. acute inflammation
2. T cell priming
3. development of special T cell responses
4. ending immune response |
|
|
Term
| what role do cytokines have in acute inflammation |
|
Definition
pathogen activates innate cells via TLR that secrete cytokines and stimulate inflammation contributing to acute phase response (IL-1, TNF, G-CSF, IL-6)
in viral infections type 1 cytokines have antivural affects and enhance Th1 development |
|
|
Term
| how are cytokines involved in t cell priming |
|
Definition
T cells recognize dendritic cell via ICAM, CD40, and CD80
APCs secrete IL-1 to type 1 INF to initiate T cell response
active Th cells upregulate IL-2 receptor and secrete IL-2 (via autocrine or paracrine secretion) to induce T cell proliferation |
|
|
Term
| what cytokine has a role in gut immunity |
|
Definition
| transforming growth factor B (TGF B) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of TGF B |
|
Definition
secreted at end of infection to make sure adaptive immune and inflammatory response stops
induces class switch from IgM to IgA
induces chemotaxis
antiinflammatory on most T cells, macrophages, and cytokine effects |
|
|
Term
| what causes hyper IgM syndrome |
|
Definition
| when TGF B does not switch IgM over to IgA |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of cytokines in Th1 production |
|
Definition
pathogen stimulates APC to release IL-12 and type 1 IFN which induce T cell transcription factor T-bed
INF gamma inhibits Th2 development by blocking IL-4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
favors IgG production by B cells via IL-6 release which acts as B cell growth factor
enhances macrophages and increases inflammation |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of cytokines in Th2 production |
|
Definition
APC (usually worm) induces T cell transcription of GATA3
IL04 and iL-10 secreted which block !L-12 causing B cell production of IgE to activate mast cells which make more IL-4 which induces Th2 cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete IL-3,5, and chemokine exotoxin to perpetuate Th2 response by stimulating maturation of mast cells by eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| how does immune response end |
|
Definition
clearing pathogen reduces innate response and cytokines
less cytokines and APC with antigens means less T cells
less IL-2 leads to less Bcl-2 and T cells are now prone to apoptosis
IL-10 and TGF-B terminate immune response |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of toxic shock syndrome |
|
Definition
problem with IL-1, IL-6, TNF
drop in BP, shock, clotting
endotoxin affects macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| staophlococcus aureus, streptococcis pyogenes via their CD4 production |
|
|
Term
| what causes wasting diseases , what are some examples |
|
Definition
problem with TNF, chronic inflammation
TB, cancer |
|
|
Term
| what causes cardiac myxoma and bladder cancer, symptoms |
|
Definition
problem with IL-6
fever, weight loss, blood flow, emboli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BCR, TCR, MHC, CD, integrin, selectin |
|
|
Term
| where is CD3, what does it do |
|
Definition
on all T cells in TCR
signal transduction |
|
|
Term
| where is CD4, what does it do |
|
Definition
| on Th cell tCR stabilizing it, binds antigen on MhC, involved in HIV |
|
|
Term
| where is CD8, what does it do |
|
Definition
| on cytotoxic T cell TCR stabilizing it, binds APC of MHC 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laukocyte function associated antigen, leukocyte adhesion molecule needed for movement and cell-cell interaction |
|
|
Term
| what does a CD11 defiency cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is CD16, what does it do |
|
Definition
macrophages, PMN, esinophils, NK cells
receptor for Fc region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combines with CD80(B7) on CD4 and CD8 T cells for activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
binds B cell (CD154)(CD 40 ligand T cell) receptor to activate
involved in class switching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
involved in B cell activation via T independent antigen
cross link B cell receptor
marker of how many B cells you have in a patient |
|
|
Term
| what are integrin and selectin, what is their function |
|
Definition
CD 11, 18, 62
adhesion molecules on leukocytes or endothelial tissue needed for cell movement on tissue |
|
|
