Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Immunology block 3
N/A
152
Immunology
Professional
07/13/2012

Additional Immunology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cell mediatedresponse against intracellular microbes
Definition
NK + Ab
Term
Cell mediatedresponse against extracellular/soluble microbes
Definition
Eosinophils + Ab
Term
Th0 --> Treg
Definition
TGF-B --> FoxP3 --> Treg -->> TGF-B, IL-10
Term
Th0 --> Tfh
Definition
IL-6 --> Bcl6 --> Tfh --> IL-21, ICOS
Term
Th0 --> Th17
Definition
TGF-B + IL-6 --> RORgT --> Th17 --> IL-6,17
Term
Th0 --> Th1
Definition
IL-12 + INFg --> Tbet --> Th1 --> IL-2, 3, INFg, TNFa
Term
Th0 --> Th2
Definition
IL-4 --> GATA3 --> Th2 --> IL-4, 5, 10, 13, TNFB
Term
Th1 effector functions
Definition
INFg + CD40L activates macrophages; FasL killing infected macrophages; IL-2 = T-cell proliferation, isotype switching
Term
Th2 effector functions (IL's)
Definition
IL-4 = isotype switching; IL-5 = eosinophil recruitment; IL-4 + IL-10 = downregulation of macrophage activation
Term
ICOS
Definition
Tfh cell surface marker for binding B cells
Term
NK ADCC
Definition
Perforin-granzyme pathway
Term
Eosinophil ADCC
Definition
Degranulation and killing of parasites
Term
PMN, Macrophage ADCC
Definition
Enhanced phagocytosis
Term
Direct immunofluorescence
Definition
Detects Ag in sample
Term
Indirect immunofluorescence
Definition
Detects Ab in sample
Term
FACS Forward Scatter
Definition
Cell size, surface area
Term
FACS Side Scatter
Definition
Cell complexity, granularity
Term
CD2
Definition
pan T cell
Term
CD3
Definition
pan T cell
Term
CD4
Definition
Helper T-Cells Th1 and Th2
Term
CD8
Definition
CTLs
Term
CD19
Definition
B-2 B cell (normal B cell)
Term
CD5
Definition
B-1 B cell
Term
CD56
Definition
NK cell
Term
CD45
Definition
on all leukocytes
Term
Hemolytic plaque forming assay
Definition
Counting # of cells making Abs
Term
Elispot w/ T cells
Definition
Counting # of T cells producing cytokines
Term
Elispot w/ B cells
Definition
Counting # of B cells producing Abs
Term
Mixed lymphocyte reaction
Definition
MHC II typing
Term
Microcytotoxicity assay
Definition
MHC I typing
Term
Chromium release assay
Definition
Looking to see if CD8 CTLs recognize and kill target cell
Term
MHC I tetramer
Definition
Looking to see how many Ag specific CTLs are present
Term
Autogenic/allograft
Definition
Accepted (self - self)
Term
Syngenic/isograft
Definition
Accepted (identical twins)
Term
Allograft
Definition
Rejected (genetically dis-similar individuals)
Term
Xenograft
Definition
Rejected (different species)
Term
Direct allorecognition
Definition
AlloMHC is expressed directly on cell surface to be bound by CTL
Term
Indirect allorecognition
Definition
AlloMHC is internalized and processed similar to exogenous Ag processing pathway
Term
Hyperacute graft rejection
Definition
Pre-existing Abs to graft; coagulation is activated and vessels are occluded
Term
Accelerated graft rejection
Definition
Reactivation of sensitized T cells
Term
Acute gradt rejection (vascular v. cellular)
Definition

Primary activation of T cells

Acute vascular rejection mediated by IgG

Acute cellular rejection mediated by alloreactive CD8 T cells

Term
GVHD
Definition
Donor T cells attack organ; rash, jaundice, diarrhea, serum bilirubin increase
Term
GVHD Conditioning Regimen
Definition
Radiation, chemotherapy, antivirals, immunosuppressants
Term
CyclosporinA, FK-506, Rapamycin
Definition
Prevents activation and proliferation of T cells by inhibiting IL-2
Term
Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide
Definition
Purine synthesis inhibitor --> removes actively dividng cells
Term
OKT3, antiCD2,CD4
Definition
Deletes peripheral T cells (protects transplant against T cells)
Term
Corticosteriods
Definition
Inhibitors of inflammatory pathway
Term
Bisulfan
Definition
Non-specific alkylating agent (slows growth of cancer cells)
Term
Xenotransplantation
Definition
Hyperacute rejection
Term
Asymptomatic carrier
Definition
No disease (organisms may shed)
Term
Incubbaotry carrier
Definition
Disease after incubation period (organisms shed)
Term
Convalescent carrier
Definition
Organisms shed after patient recovers from disease
Term
Resolution of intracellular microbes
Definition
Th1 response (along with unencapsulated fungi)
Term
Resolution of extracellular microbes
Definition
Th2 response (along with parasites)
Term
Prevention
Definition
Predominantly a Th2 response
Term
Peplomers
Definition
Viral glycoprotein spikes
Term
Tropism
Definition
Recognition of host cell (specificity for receptor)
Term
Permissiveness
Definition
Entry + replication (non-permissive = entry without replication)
Term
M-tropic
Definition
Macrophage in mucosal membranes
Term
T-tropic
Definition
T-lymphocytes in circulation
Term
Penetration of virus
Definition
Membrane (enveloped) = fusion; naked virus = endocytosis
Term
Macromolecular viral synthesis
Definition
Early mRNA = non-structural regulatory proteins, proteins for DNA replication; late mRNA = structural protein synthesis
Term
Uncoating under neutral pH
Definition
--> fusion
Term
Uncoating under acidic pH
Definition
--> endocytosis
Term
Viral replication sites
Definition

Cytoplasm: RNA viruses (except orthomyxovirus, plus DNA poxvirus)

Nucleus: DNA viruses (except poxvirus, plus orthomyxovirus)

Both compartments: retroviruses and hepadnaviruses

Term
dsDNA viruses
Definition
Use of host polymerases and ribosomes; exception = poxvirus: uses own polymerase and host ribosomes
Term
ssDNA viruses
Definition
Use of host ribosomes
Term
dsRNA viruses
Definition
Segmented genome; virally encoded RNA dependent RNA polymerase
Term
ss(+)RNA viruses
Definition
Virally encoded RNA dependent RNA polymerase
Term
ss(-)RNA viruses
Definition
Viral RNA polymerase packaged within the virion; (-) strand may be segmented
Term
ss(+)RNA with DNA intermediate viruses
Definition

RNA dependent DNA polymerase part of nucleocapsid

 

host RNA polymerase used for transcription

Term
Partially dsDNA with RNA intermediate viruses
Definition

Four RNAs are produced--largest = template for genome replication via RNA dependent DNA polymerase

Extension of DNA stops when virus leaes the cell, therefore packaged gDNA is partially double stranded

Term
Segmented genomes
Definition
Allow for genotypic mixing or phenotypic mixing if host is infected with two non-identical viruses
Term
Viral cytopathogenesis
Definition
Syncytia formation at neutral pH (pH independent); inclusion body formation; cell foci (virus with oncogenic potential)
Term
Immune response to innate/nonspecific viral infections
Definition
Infected cells produce interferons, cytokines to attract dendritic and NK cells; complement lysis, opsonization
Term
Immune response to adaptive/specific viral infections
Definition

Cell mediated (CD4 Th1 and CD8 CTL) = resolution via lysis of infected cell

humoral = neutralization, opsonization, elimination (via ADCC and NK cells), prevent spread (block extracellular particles)

Term
Response to IFNs alpha, beta
Definition
RNAseL --> DAI(PKR) + degradation of viral RNA --> inhibition of synthesis of viral proteins
Term
Response to IFN gamma
Definition

Increase MHC expresstion (increase CTL) + NK activation

Production of IgM, IgG, IgA for extracellular phase virus

Production of CD8 CTL for intracellular phase virus

Term
Secretory IgA
Definition
Prevents re-infection
Term
Role of CTLs in viral infection
Definition
Lysis of infected cell before assemble of virions
Term
DNA virus early proteins
Definition
Act as antigens
Term
Ab mediated antiviral response
Definition
Neutralize virus, complement lysis of infected cell, NK ADCC; NOT enough for resolution of infection
Term
MIC
Definition
Ligand for NK cells; marker for 'stress'
Term
Enveloped viruses
Definition
Complement mediated lysis
Term
Naked viruses
Definition
Opsonization
Term
Viral evasion strategies
Definition

Antigenic variation

Downregualtion of MHC I

Infection of immunopriviliged sites

Downregulation of accessory molecules (LFA, ICAM)

Direct infection of cells of immune system (immunosupression)

Term
Hemagglutinin (HA) peplomer (ss-RNA, enveloped)
Definition
Attachment (neutralizing Abs target HA)
Term
Neuraminidase (NA) peplomer (ss-RNA, enveloped)
Definition
Release
Term
Antigenic drift (ss-RNA, enveloped)
Definition
Amino acid mutations --> epidemic strains
Term
Antigenic shift (ss-RNA, enveloped)
Definition
Reassortants --> pandemic strains
Term
dsDNA (linear), enveloped viruses
Definition
Latency in neurons, intranuclear inclusion bodies
Term
Gram + cell wall structure
Definition
Thick peptidoglycan, teichoic and lipoteichoic acid; purple after gram stain; spore production; no MAC lysis
Term
Gram - cell wall structure
Definition
Outer LPS (O-antigen, core polysaccharide, A-antigen), thin peptidoglycan, porins, pink after gram stain; sex pilus
Term
Acid fast cell walls (mycobacterium)
Definition
No MAC lysis; mycolic acid, trehalose dimycolate, lipoarabinomannan, arabinogalactan
Term
Cell wall-less (myoplasma)
Definition
No peptidoglycan
Term
Gram - secretion sustems
Definition
Type I: inside --> outside; Type II: inside-->periplasm-->outside; type III: virulence factor (syringe like mechanism; no extracellular plase therefore no Abs to neutralize toxin)
Term
N-formyl-methionine
Definition
Initial amino acid; soluble PAMP
Term
A-B toxin (exoenzyme)
Definition
B unit binds host cell receptor (specificity), A unit mediates enzymatic activity (toxicity)
Term
Hemolysins (membrane disrupting toxin)
Definition
Pore formation + destruction of phospholipid bilayer
Term
Exotoxin
Definition
Forms toxoid (target of vaccines); high degree of specificity
Term
Homologous recombination
Definition
Exchange of information
Term
Site specific recombination
Definition
Gain of information (genome + integrated DNA)
Term
Antigenic variation
Definition
Mutations, phage variation, cassette switching/gene inversion
Term
Transformation
Definition

Gram (+); transfer of naked DNA

Cells must be competent (competence factor); only single strand is transferred

Term
Conjugation
Definition
Gram (-); plasmid transfer (direct contact) mediated by F factor on tra operon
Term
Curing
Definition
Loss of plasmid with cell division in absence of selective factor
Term
Hrf plasmid
Definition
Integrates into chromosome, portion of donor DNA is transferred to recipient; F- cells remain F-
Term
Transduction
Definition
(=homologous recombination) Mediated by bacteriophages; generalized vs. specialized transduction
Term
Transducing phage
Definition
Does not contain any phage DNA (only bacterial DNA) -- lytic cycle
Term
Transposition
Definition
Replicative and non-replicative transposition; pathogenicity islands (PAIs) insert virulence related genes within chromosome; movement controlled by transposase and resolvase
Term
PAMPS (non-specific response)
Definition
Peptidoglycan, acid fast cell wall, lipoteichoic acid, F-met methionine, spore coat, endotoxins (lipid A) flagellin, unmethylated CpG DNA
Term
Immunogens (adaptive response)
Definition
Teichoic and lipoteichoic acid, LPS O-antigen, porins/permeases, adhesins, pilin/fibrin, capsules/biofilms, exoenzymes/exotoxins or superantigens
Term
Th1 specific immune respose against bacteria
Definition
CTL, NK ADCC for INTRACELLULAR bacteria
Term
Th2 specific immune response against bacteria
Definition
Opsonization, eosinophil and basophil ADCC for EXTRACELLULAR bacteria
Term
Adaptive response for extracellular bacteria (or their products)
Definition
Th2 response; Abs to: neutralize exotoxins, block adherance, opsonization, classical C' activation, Fc receptors (eosinophils, basophils, mast cells)
Term
Extracellular gram (-) w/o capsule
Definition
MAC lysis
Term
Extracellular gram (+) w/o capsule
Definition
Opsonization (no MAC lysis)
Term
Encapsulated virueses
Definition
Extracellular, gram (-) cell wall, no MAC lysis; conjugated vaccine to capsule; opsonizing Abs, prevention via adherence blocking Abs directed against capsule
Term

Extracellular bacteria w/ endopores

(foodborne v. infection)

Definition
Gram (+), exotoxins w/ foodborne illness, exoenzymes w/ soft tissue infections; opsonizatin (no MAC lysis); resolution via neutralizing Abs; prevention via neutralizing Abs against exoenzymes and blocking Abs
Term
Adaptive response for intracellular bacteria
Definition

Th1 response (Th2 for extracellular phase) --> IFNg production: upregulation of macrophages, DTH response, CD8 CTLs

FcR's allow specificity for macrophages, neurtophils, NK cells

Term
Facultative intracellular bacteria
Definition
Acid fast cell wall (no MAC lysis); Th1 and DTH response; resolution: DTH against intracellular phase, opsonization against extracellular phase
Term
Fungi cell wall, cell membrane characteristics
Definition
Cell wall: chitin, mannan, glucan (and reproductive spores) = PAMPs; Cell membrane: ergosterol = target of antifungal drugs
Term
Yeasts
Definition
Unicellular, reproduce by budding
Term
Fungal components which induce a specific, effective adaptive response
Definition

Capsules, exoenzymes, exotoxins

Th1 mediated response (intra- and extracellular) --> CTL, DTH for resolution; Th2 response = counterproductive (downregulates cell mediated response) = more serious disease

Term
Dectin I
Definition
Receptor for B-glucans in antifungal innate immunity
Term
Non-specific response to fungi
Definition
Important fo pevention
Term
Extracellular dimorphic fungi
Definition

Mold in environment, yeast at body temperature; no MAC lysis

Resolution via Th1 (chronic disease if Th2 predominates); DTH response = granuloma formation

Term
Dimorphic fungi
Definition
Spheryle with endospores in tissue, mold in environment; no MAC lysis; resolution via Th1 + cell medated response (Th2 + humoral response = counterproductive)
Term
Trophozoite
Definition
Mobile, metabolically active, replicating form of protozoan; integument/cuticle may be present
Term
Fungal evasion of host defenses
Definition

Antigenic variation

Encystation

Masking

Immunosuppression (extracellular stage downregulates humoral Th2, intracellular stage downregulates cell mediated Th1 response)

Term
Parasitic components that act as PAMPs
Definition
Tegument/cuticle
Term
Parasitic components that induce specific and effective adaptive response
Definition
Integument/cuticle surface Ags in helminths; exoenzymes, exotoxins
Term
Non-specific response to parasites (protozoans, helminths)
Definition

MAC lysis of protozoans

Neutraphils, macrophages for extracellular pathogens

Degranulation by mast cells, basophils, eosinophils for helminths

Term
Specific responst to parasites
Definition
Th1 for intracellular infections; Th2 for extracellular infections (opsonization, C' activation, IgE mediated damage via mast cells, eosinophils, basophils
Term
Helminths exert:
Definition
Strong anti-inflammatory effect
Term
Intracellular protozoan
Definition
Cutaneous (ulcerating sores; may progress to mucocutaneous), mucocutaneous (facial lesions), visceral (affects internal organs); resolution: Th1 + cell mediated response (dissemination occurs with predominatly Th2 response + humoral response)
Term
Extracellular helminth
Definition

Transmission: ingestion of larvae; clinical disease = anorexia, diarhea

resolution = Th2 + strong humoral response (eosinophils, mast cells armed with IgE, which binds parasite --> degranulation)

Term
Immune surveillance effectors
Definition
CD8 CTL mediated lysis, CD4 helper T cels, NK cells, macrophages
Term
CD8 CTL in immune tumor surveillance
Definition
TCR binds Ag-MHC I, LFA I/ICAM to elicit: 1) perforin + granzymes 2) FasL/Fas apoptosis 3)TNFa
Term
TNFa in tumor surveillance
Definition
Leads to death within 24 hours therefore OK for tumor cell killing, transplant rejection; not OK for killing virally infected cells
Term
NK cells in immune tumor surveillance
Definition
Cytotoxicity --> perferin/granzymes, TNFa, FasL; activated by IFNa, IFNb, TNFa, IL-12 (increases IFNg)
Term
Tumor Specific Antigens (TSA)
Definition
Mutated protein; unique cancer clone-specific Ag; common Ags expressed on cancer/tumor cells (E6/E7 with HPV)
Term
Tumor Associated Antigens (TAA)
Definition
Re-expressed/overexpressed protein
Term
Tumor evasion of immunity (6)
Definition
1) Downregulation of HLA (loss of CTL recognition); 2) T-cell anergy (loss of costimulatory molecule B7); 3) TGF-B production (in addition of downregulation of Th1, CTL); 4) FasL expression --> T cell apoptosis; 5) Antigen masking via sialic acid; 6) cleavage of MIC (no NK recognition)
Term
Tumor therpaies (4)
Definition
1) Vaccination; 2) Cytokines to stimulate T cell proliferation, differentiation (IFNa, IFNg, IL-2); 3) Anti-tumor Abs; 4) bone marrow transplantation
Term
IFNa
Definition
NK activation
Term
IFNg
Definition
Upregulation of HLA, CTLs
Term
IL-2
Definition
T-cell, NK proliferation
Term
Monoclonal Abs
Definition
Avastin- blocks angiogenesis; immunotoxins: 131I-Ab conjugate, Ricin-Ab conjugate
Term
Monoclonal Ab -ximab
Definition
Chimeric
Term
Monoclonal Ab -zumab
Definition
Humanized
Term
Monoclonal Ab -mumab
Definition
Fully human, from transgenic mice
Supporting users have an ad free experience!