Term
| Cell mediatedresponse against intracellular microbes |
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Definition
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Term
| Cell mediatedresponse against extracellular/soluble microbes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| TGF-B --> FoxP3 --> Treg -->> TGF-B, IL-10 |
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Term
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Definition
| IL-6 --> Bcl6 --> Tfh --> IL-21, ICOS |
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Term
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Definition
| TGF-B + IL-6 --> RORgT --> Th17 --> IL-6,17 |
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Term
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Definition
| IL-12 + INFg --> Tbet --> Th1 --> IL-2, 3, INFg, TNFa |
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Term
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Definition
| IL-4 --> GATA3 --> Th2 --> IL-4, 5, 10, 13, TNFB |
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Term
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Definition
| INFg + CD40L activates macrophages; FasL killing infected macrophages; IL-2 = T-cell proliferation, isotype switching |
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Term
| Th2 effector functions (IL's) |
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Definition
| IL-4 = isotype switching; IL-5 = eosinophil recruitment; IL-4 + IL-10 = downregulation of macrophage activation |
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Term
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Definition
| Tfh cell surface marker for binding B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Perforin-granzyme pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| Degranulation and killing of parasites |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Direct immunofluorescence |
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Definition
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Term
| Indirect immunofluorescence |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cell complexity, granularity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Helper T-Cells Th1 and Th2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| B-2 B cell (normal B cell) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hemolytic plaque forming assay |
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Definition
| Counting # of cells making Abs |
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Term
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Definition
| Counting # of T cells producing cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
| Counting # of B cells producing Abs |
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Term
| Mixed lymphocyte reaction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Looking to see if CD8 CTLs recognize and kill target cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Looking to see how many Ag specific CTLs are present |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Accepted (identical twins) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rejected (genetically dis-similar individuals) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rejected (different species) |
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Term
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Definition
| AlloMHC is expressed directly on cell surface to be bound by CTL |
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Term
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Definition
| AlloMHC is internalized and processed similar to exogenous Ag processing pathway |
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Term
| Hyperacute graft rejection |
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Definition
| Pre-existing Abs to graft; coagulation is activated and vessels are occluded |
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Term
| Accelerated graft rejection |
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Definition
| Reactivation of sensitized T cells |
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Term
| Acute gradt rejection (vascular v. cellular) |
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Definition
Primary activation of T cells
Acute vascular rejection mediated by IgG
Acute cellular rejection mediated by alloreactive CD8 T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Donor T cells attack organ; rash, jaundice, diarrhea, serum bilirubin increase |
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Term
| GVHD Conditioning Regimen |
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Definition
| Radiation, chemotherapy, antivirals, immunosuppressants |
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Term
| CyclosporinA, FK-506, Rapamycin |
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Definition
| Prevents activation and proliferation of T cells by inhibiting IL-2 |
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Term
| Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide |
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Definition
| Purine synthesis inhibitor --> removes actively dividng cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Deletes peripheral T cells (protects transplant against T cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitors of inflammatory pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-specific alkylating agent (slows growth of cancer cells) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| No disease (organisms may shed) |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease after incubation period (organisms shed) |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms shed after patient recovers from disease |
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Term
| Resolution of intracellular microbes |
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Definition
| Th1 response (along with unencapsulated fungi) |
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Term
| Resolution of extracellular microbes |
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Definition
| Th2 response (along with parasites) |
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Term
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Definition
| Predominantly a Th2 response |
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Term
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Definition
| Viral glycoprotein spikes |
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Term
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Definition
| Recognition of host cell (specificity for receptor) |
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Term
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Definition
| Entry + replication (non-permissive = entry without replication) |
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Term
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Definition
| Macrophage in mucosal membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| T-lymphocytes in circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane (enveloped) = fusion; naked virus = endocytosis |
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Term
| Macromolecular viral synthesis |
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Definition
| Early mRNA = non-structural regulatory proteins, proteins for DNA replication; late mRNA = structural protein synthesis |
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Term
| Uncoating under neutral pH |
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Definition
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Term
| Uncoating under acidic pH |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Cytoplasm: RNA viruses (except orthomyxovirus, plus DNA poxvirus)
Nucleus: DNA viruses (except poxvirus, plus orthomyxovirus)
Both compartments: retroviruses and hepadnaviruses |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of host polymerases and ribosomes; exception = poxvirus: uses own polymerase and host ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Segmented genome; virally encoded RNA dependent RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| Virally encoded RNA dependent RNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| Viral RNA polymerase packaged within the virion; (-) strand may be segmented |
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Term
| ss(+)RNA with DNA intermediate viruses |
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Definition
RNA dependent DNA polymerase part of nucleocapsid
host RNA polymerase used for transcription |
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Term
| Partially dsDNA with RNA intermediate viruses |
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Definition
Four RNAs are produced--largest = template for genome replication via RNA dependent DNA polymerase
Extension of DNA stops when virus leaes the cell, therefore packaged gDNA is partially double stranded |
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Term
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Definition
| Allow for genotypic mixing or phenotypic mixing if host is infected with two non-identical viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| Syncytia formation at neutral pH (pH independent); inclusion body formation; cell foci (virus with oncogenic potential) |
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Term
| Immune response to innate/nonspecific viral infections |
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Definition
| Infected cells produce interferons, cytokines to attract dendritic and NK cells; complement lysis, opsonization |
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Term
| Immune response to adaptive/specific viral infections |
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Definition
Cell mediated (CD4 Th1 and CD8 CTL) = resolution via lysis of infected cell
humoral = neutralization, opsonization, elimination (via ADCC and NK cells), prevent spread (block extracellular particles) |
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Term
| Response to IFNs alpha, beta |
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Definition
| RNAseL --> DAI(PKR) + degradation of viral RNA --> inhibition of synthesis of viral proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Increase MHC expresstion (increase CTL) + NK activation
Production of IgM, IgG, IgA for extracellular phase virus
Production of CD8 CTL for intracellular phase virus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Role of CTLs in viral infection |
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Definition
| Lysis of infected cell before assemble of virions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ab mediated antiviral response |
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Definition
| Neutralize virus, complement lysis of infected cell, NK ADCC; NOT enough for resolution of infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Ligand for NK cells; marker for 'stress' |
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Term
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Definition
| Complement mediated lysis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Antigenic variation
Downregualtion of MHC I
Infection of immunopriviliged sites
Downregulation of accessory molecules (LFA, ICAM)
Direct infection of cells of immune system (immunosupression) |
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Term
| Hemagglutinin (HA) peplomer (ss-RNA, enveloped) |
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Definition
| Attachment (neutralizing Abs target HA) |
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Term
| Neuraminidase (NA) peplomer (ss-RNA, enveloped) |
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Definition
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Term
| Antigenic drift (ss-RNA, enveloped) |
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Definition
| Amino acid mutations --> epidemic strains |
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Term
| Antigenic shift (ss-RNA, enveloped) |
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Definition
| Reassortants --> pandemic strains |
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Term
| dsDNA (linear), enveloped viruses |
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Definition
| Latency in neurons, intranuclear inclusion bodies |
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Term
| Gram + cell wall structure |
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Definition
| Thick peptidoglycan, teichoic and lipoteichoic acid; purple after gram stain; spore production; no MAC lysis |
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Term
| Gram - cell wall structure |
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Definition
| Outer LPS (O-antigen, core polysaccharide, A-antigen), thin peptidoglycan, porins, pink after gram stain; sex pilus |
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Term
| Acid fast cell walls (mycobacterium) |
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Definition
| No MAC lysis; mycolic acid, trehalose dimycolate, lipoarabinomannan, arabinogalactan |
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Term
| Cell wall-less (myoplasma) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Type I: inside --> outside; Type II: inside-->periplasm-->outside; type III: virulence factor (syringe like mechanism; no extracellular plase therefore no Abs to neutralize toxin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial amino acid; soluble PAMP |
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Term
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Definition
| B unit binds host cell receptor (specificity), A unit mediates enzymatic activity (toxicity) |
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Term
| Hemolysins (membrane disrupting toxin) |
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Definition
| Pore formation + destruction of phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms toxoid (target of vaccines); high degree of specificity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Site specific recombination |
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Definition
| Gain of information (genome + integrated DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations, phage variation, cassette switching/gene inversion |
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Term
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Definition
Gram (+); transfer of naked DNA
Cells must be competent (competence factor); only single strand is transferred |
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Term
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Definition
| Gram (-); plasmid transfer (direct contact) mediated by F factor on tra operon |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of plasmid with cell division in absence of selective factor |
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Term
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Definition
| Integrates into chromosome, portion of donor DNA is transferred to recipient; F- cells remain F- |
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Term
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Definition
| (=homologous recombination) Mediated by bacteriophages; generalized vs. specialized transduction |
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Term
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Definition
| Does not contain any phage DNA (only bacterial DNA) -- lytic cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Replicative and non-replicative transposition; pathogenicity islands (PAIs) insert virulence related genes within chromosome; movement controlled by transposase and resolvase |
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Term
| PAMPS (non-specific response) |
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Definition
| Peptidoglycan, acid fast cell wall, lipoteichoic acid, F-met methionine, spore coat, endotoxins (lipid A) flagellin, unmethylated CpG DNA |
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Term
| Immunogens (adaptive response) |
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Definition
| Teichoic and lipoteichoic acid, LPS O-antigen, porins/permeases, adhesins, pilin/fibrin, capsules/biofilms, exoenzymes/exotoxins or superantigens |
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Term
| Th1 specific immune respose against bacteria |
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Definition
| CTL, NK ADCC for INTRACELLULAR bacteria |
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Term
| Th2 specific immune response against bacteria |
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Definition
| Opsonization, eosinophil and basophil ADCC for EXTRACELLULAR bacteria |
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Term
| Adaptive response for extracellular bacteria (or their products) |
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Definition
| Th2 response; Abs to: neutralize exotoxins, block adherance, opsonization, classical C' activation, Fc receptors (eosinophils, basophils, mast cells) |
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Term
| Extracellular gram (-) w/o capsule |
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Definition
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Term
| Extracellular gram (+) w/o capsule |
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Definition
| Opsonization (no MAC lysis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Extracellular, gram (-) cell wall, no MAC lysis; conjugated vaccine to capsule; opsonizing Abs, prevention via adherence blocking Abs directed against capsule |
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Term
Extracellular bacteria w/ endopores
(foodborne v. infection) |
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Definition
| Gram (+), exotoxins w/ foodborne illness, exoenzymes w/ soft tissue infections; opsonizatin (no MAC lysis); resolution via neutralizing Abs; prevention via neutralizing Abs against exoenzymes and blocking Abs |
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Term
| Adaptive response for intracellular bacteria |
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Definition
Th1 response (Th2 for extracellular phase) --> IFNg production: upregulation of macrophages, DTH response, CD8 CTLs
FcR's allow specificity for macrophages, neurtophils, NK cells |
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Term
| Facultative intracellular bacteria |
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Definition
| Acid fast cell wall (no MAC lysis); Th1 and DTH response; resolution: DTH against intracellular phase, opsonization against extracellular phase |
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Term
| Fungi cell wall, cell membrane characteristics |
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Definition
| Cell wall: chitin, mannan, glucan (and reproductive spores) = PAMPs; Cell membrane: ergosterol = target of antifungal drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| Unicellular, reproduce by budding |
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Term
| Fungal components which induce a specific, effective adaptive response |
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Definition
Capsules, exoenzymes, exotoxins
Th1 mediated response (intra- and extracellular) --> CTL, DTH for resolution; Th2 response = counterproductive (downregulates cell mediated response) = more serious disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptor for B-glucans in antifungal innate immunity |
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Term
| Non-specific response to fungi |
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Definition
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Term
| Extracellular dimorphic fungi |
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Definition
Mold in environment, yeast at body temperature; no MAC lysis
Resolution via Th1 (chronic disease if Th2 predominates); DTH response = granuloma formation |
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Term
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Definition
| Spheryle with endospores in tissue, mold in environment; no MAC lysis; resolution via Th1 + cell medated response (Th2 + humoral response = counterproductive) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mobile, metabolically active, replicating form of protozoan; integument/cuticle may be present |
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Term
| Fungal evasion of host defenses |
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Definition
Antigenic variation
Encystation
Masking
Immunosuppression (extracellular stage downregulates humoral Th2, intracellular stage downregulates cell mediated Th1 response) |
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Term
| Parasitic components that act as PAMPs |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasitic components that induce specific and effective adaptive response |
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Definition
| Integument/cuticle surface Ags in helminths; exoenzymes, exotoxins |
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Term
| Non-specific response to parasites (protozoans, helminths) |
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Definition
MAC lysis of protozoans
Neutraphils, macrophages for extracellular pathogens
Degranulation by mast cells, basophils, eosinophils for helminths |
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Term
| Specific responst to parasites |
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Definition
| Th1 for intracellular infections; Th2 for extracellular infections (opsonization, C' activation, IgE mediated damage via mast cells, eosinophils, basophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Strong anti-inflammatory effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Cutaneous (ulcerating sores; may progress to mucocutaneous), mucocutaneous (facial lesions), visceral (affects internal organs); resolution: Th1 + cell mediated response (dissemination occurs with predominatly Th2 response + humoral response) |
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Term
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Definition
Transmission: ingestion of larvae; clinical disease = anorexia, diarhea
resolution = Th2 + strong humoral response (eosinophils, mast cells armed with IgE, which binds parasite --> degranulation) |
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Term
| Immune surveillance effectors |
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Definition
| CD8 CTL mediated lysis, CD4 helper T cels, NK cells, macrophages |
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Term
| CD8 CTL in immune tumor surveillance |
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Definition
| TCR binds Ag-MHC I, LFA I/ICAM to elicit: 1) perforin + granzymes 2) FasL/Fas apoptosis 3)TNFa |
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Term
| TNFa in tumor surveillance |
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Definition
| Leads to death within 24 hours therefore OK for tumor cell killing, transplant rejection; not OK for killing virally infected cells |
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Term
| NK cells in immune tumor surveillance |
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Definition
| Cytotoxicity --> perferin/granzymes, TNFa, FasL; activated by IFNa, IFNb, TNFa, IL-12 (increases IFNg) |
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Term
| Tumor Specific Antigens (TSA) |
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Definition
| Mutated protein; unique cancer clone-specific Ag; common Ags expressed on cancer/tumor cells (E6/E7 with HPV) |
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Term
| Tumor Associated Antigens (TAA) |
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Definition
| Re-expressed/overexpressed protein |
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Term
| Tumor evasion of immunity (6) |
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Definition
| 1) Downregulation of HLA (loss of CTL recognition); 2) T-cell anergy (loss of costimulatory molecule B7); 3) TGF-B production (in addition of downregulation of Th1, CTL); 4) FasL expression --> T cell apoptosis; 5) Antigen masking via sialic acid; 6) cleavage of MIC (no NK recognition) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Vaccination; 2) Cytokines to stimulate T cell proliferation, differentiation (IFNa, IFNg, IL-2); 3) Anti-tumor Abs; 4) bone marrow transplantation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Upregulation of HLA, CTLs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Avastin- blocks angiogenesis; immunotoxins: 131I-Ab conjugate, Ricin-Ab conjugate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fully human, from transgenic mice |
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