Term
| What are the three types of immunological disorders? |
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Definition
1.)Hypersensitivity
2.)Autoimmune Disease
3.)Immunodeficency |
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Term
| Hypersensitivity rxns to usually harmless substances are often called... |
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Definition
| allergies or allergic reactions |
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Term
| What are the four major types of allergic rxns? |
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Definition
1.)Type I - IgE mediated
2.)Type II - Cytotoxic
3.)Type III - Immune complex-mediated
4.)Type IV - Delayed cell-mediated |
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Term
| How does type I begin? First exposure... |
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Definition
| First exposure induces an IgE antibody response leading to sensitization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antigen is taken up by APC cells and merged with MHC molecules which is then presented to the T-cells. Activated T-cells release cytokines that stimulate b-cells to produce plasma cells that secrete IgE. |
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Term
| What do IgE antibodies bind to? |
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Definition
| Mast/basophil receptors and an individual becomes sensitized. |
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Term
| What happens with type I subsequent exposures? |
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Definition
| Antigens activate IgE antibodies on the mast/basophil causing it to degranulate. Histomines and shit are released and cause hives, hay fever, asthma, and anaphylactic shock. |
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Term
| Type I reactions happen how quickly after exposure? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An allergic skin condition characterized by the formation of a wheal and flare pattern. |
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Term
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Definition
| Itchy, tear eyes, sneezing, runny nose. occurs when allergic person inhales an allergen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhaled allergen causes chemical mediators from IgE to stimulate increased mucus secretions and spasms of the bronchi. Caused by leukotrienes. |
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Term
| Generalized anaphylaxis means the _____ body is effected. |
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Definition
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Term
| Loss of fluid from the blood vessels into tissues cause ______ and possibly ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Reactions may be fatal and occur within ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What can cause generalized anaphylaxis? |
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Definition
| Bee stings, peanuts, penicillin |
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Term
| How can general anaphylaxis be controlled? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Desensitization or immunotherapy is often effective in decreasing type 1 hypersensitivity. |
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Term
| What is type II hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| Cytotoxic because it utilizes antibodies that can destroy normal cells by complement lysis or by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. |
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Term
| How quickly does type II occur? |
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Definition
| within hours after exposure |
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Term
| What is a transfusion rxn? |
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Definition
| ABO groups are the major cause of hemolytic anemia in blood transfusions. |
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Term
Type A blood has A agntigen and antiB
Type B blood has B antigen and antiA
Type O blood has no antigens but both antiB and antiA
Type AB has both A and B antigens and no antibodies |
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Definition
| Incompatibility can cause fever, lbp, pain, nausea, and vomiting |
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Term
| What are the conditions for hemolytic disease of the newborne? |
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Definition
| Mom is Rh- baby is Rh+ ONLY AFFECTS 2ND PREGNANCY. Anti-Rh bodies can cross placenta and attack the babies blood. RhoGAM shot can solve it. |
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Term
| What is type III hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| Called Immune Complex-Medaited Hypersensitivity. Occurs within hours/days of exposure. |
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Term
| When does type III occur? |
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Definition
| When there is a slight excess of an antigen, the antigen-antibody complex activates. Results in vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and inflammation. |
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Term
| What is disseminated intravascular coagulation? |
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Definition
| Complexes can also precipitate causing clots to form in the small blood vessels leading to failure/death of the organ. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Seen in people immunized/treated with animal serum |
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Term
| What is type IV hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| Delayed Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity. Occurs within days after exposure. T cells are involved rather than antibodies. |
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Term
| What is an example of the type IV? |
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Definition
| Tuberculosis skin test. A positive test results when circulating antibodies bind to the protein angitens of tuberculosis bacteria introduced under the skin. It peaks 2-3 days after exposure. Redness results from sensitized t-cell reactions. False positives are caused by mycobacterium or BCG vaccine. |
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Term
| What is contact hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| mediated by t-cells that release cytokines when they com einto contact with the same antigen. |
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Term
| What happens during contact hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| Cytokines cause inflammation which attracts WBC to site. Then they release chemicals that result in allergic dermatitis or contact dermititis. Ex: poison ivy, poison oak etc. |
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Term
| What is delayed hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| As t-cells destroy macrophages and sick body cells, tissue damage results. Ex: herpes |
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Term
| What are the four types of skin grafts? |
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Definition
1.)Auto - same person
2.)Iso - genetically identical twin
3.)Allo - non-identical humans
4.)Xeno - tissue from non-human organism |
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Term
| Transplant rejection of allografts and xenografts are caused by ______ hypersensitivyt. |
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Definition
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Term
| Transplant success is dictated by similarity of the MHC antigens on the surface of human transplant cells. T or F? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are taken to reduce transplant rejection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an autoimmune disease? |
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Definition
| Occur when the immune system of the body responds to its own tissues as if they were foreign. |
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Term
| May result from normal reactions to antigens that are similar, not identical, to the ______ ______ _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Autoimmune spectrum goes from... |
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Definition
| organ-specific to widespread response |
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Term
| What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? |
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Definition
Graves (thyroid)
Diabetes Mellitus (Pancreas)
Lupus - widespread |
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Term
| How do you treat autoimmune diseases? |
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Definition
Immunosuppressive drugs that kill dividing t-cells and control the response.
Drugs that interfere with t-cell signaling.
Steroids and other anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to relieve symtpoms.
Some patients require replacement therapy.
Transplantation of damaged organ is a last resort. |
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