Term
| in what situations does aquiring active immunity work |
|
Definition
when organisms dont change structure a lot or serotypes
when the organism does not develop so fast there there isnt enough time to develop protection to the endotoxins or infection |
|
|
Term
| what are some organisms that cannot be vaccinated against, why |
|
Definition
| S. pneumonia and rhinovirus have many serotypes |
|
|
Term
| explain herd immunity, what stops it |
|
Definition
indirect protection of the minority of the population who isnt vaccinated because so many others are
pathogen does not have ability to create epidemia due to population of vaccinated hosts
if generations are not continously vaccinated herd immunity will be lost as the non-vaccinated become majority |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of vaccines |
|
Definition
| whole killed, acellular/subunit, adjuvants, live attenuated, DNA |
|
|
Term
| whole killed vaccine: effectiveness, safety, how its made |
|
Definition
made via heat or chemical fixation making it safe
less effective because their is no replication so less stimulation of the adaptive system |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of whole killed vaccines |
|
Definition
| salk polio, seasonal influenze, HAV, rabies, bordello pertussus (includes endotoxins and has side effects) |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of acellular / subunit vaccines |
|
Definition
| toxoid, acellular, recombinant DNA, capsular antigen, |
|
|
Term
| what is the basis of an acellular / subunit vaccine |
|
Definition
| using antigenic viral component so the body makes antibodies |
|
|
Term
| toxoid: what is it, examples |
|
Definition
inactive protein toxins modified into subunit vaccines
examples: corynebacterium diohtheriae, clostridium tetani |
|
|
Term
| acelular vaccine example, what parts are used for antigens |
|
Definition
bordella pertussis
2-5 antigens: detoxified toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin, fimbrial-2, fimbrial-3 |
|
|
Term
| examples of recombinant DNA / yeast DNA vaccines |
|
Definition
HBV: hepatitis B surface antigen
HPV: human papilloma virus |
|
|
Term
| explain how a capsular surface antigen vaccine works |
|
Definition
only when antibody binds to capsule does complement fixation lead to bacterial clearance
produces complement fixing antibodies that bind to capsules |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of capsular vaccines |
|
Definition
| S. pneumonia, HIB, N. meningitis |
|
|
Term
| why cant you use capsular vaccines in kids |
|
Definition
| kids dont develop T independent response to polysaccharide antigens (on capsules) until a few years after birth |
|
|
Term
| adjuvants: why do we need them, what is it |
|
Definition
vaccinations must make inflammation at site of injection to work
immunization with purified proteins leads to poor response but it can be enhanced by inflammatory substances (adjuvants) |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of vaccines with adjuvants |
|
Definition
| bacterial enterotoxins, TLR agonist, non-TLR immunostimulants |
|
|
Term
| attenuated virus: what is it, effectiveness, how does it work |
|
Definition
live virus that has mutated so it reduces ability to grow in human cells and isnt pathogenic
more potent than killed vaccines, can replicate limitedly
challenges the immune system more like a normal pathogen |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the down sides to an attenuated virus |
|
Definition
| immuno-deficient, immunosupressed, may affec fetus, occasional reversion to wild type, mild infection at injection site |
|
|
Term
| with an attenuated virus why is there an infection at the injection site |
|
Definition
| presentation of MHC I to CD8 and MHC II to Th1 |
|
|
Term
| how are attenuated viruses grown |
|
Definition
measles, mumps, rubella, oral polio, yellow fever
M. tuberculosis: grown in attenuated M. bovis (BCG) |
|
|
Term
| how does a DNA vaccine work, why is it a concern |
|
Definition
antigen gene and host promoter gene are put into a plasmid and out into the host cell. the protein expressed creates and immune response that is both humoral and cell mediated.
DNA codes for antigen of the pathogen
DNA might mutate within host |
|
|
Term
| vaccine administration via injection isnt the best, why what might be bettwe |
|
Definition
| injection does not mimic normal route of infection, vaccination via mucosa would be less painful and more effective |
|
|
Term
| what are the down sides of passive immunity |
|
Definition
short term protection (weeks to months)
variable responses
adverse reactions |
|
|
Term
| what are the methods of antibody transfer in passive immunity |
|
Definition
| placena, collstrum, serum therapy, drug delivery of immuno modulators, cells |
|
|
Term
| how is the placenta used for passive immunity, how can this get messed up |
|
Definition
IgG is transfered via maternal circulation and is in the baby for 3-6 months after birth
premature babies may not recieve full protection |
|
|
Term
| how is clolstrum used for passive immnity |
|
Definition
| breast milk in the first few days post-partum is high in IgA and also has IgM and IgG, lysosome, iacterferrin, and interferon |
|
|
Term
| what is serum therapy, why is it used, what are the ways to get it |
|
Definition
important before antibiotics and vaccines, provided rapid protection
made by animals, pooled human serum, and monoclonal antibodies |
|
|
Term
| what serum therapies have come from animals |
|
Definition
| diptheria, tetanus / botulism, rabies, hepatitis, snake bite/scorpion sting |
|
|
Term
| what is pooled human serum therapy what can it give exposure to |
|
Definition
IVIG is serum from multiple donors with a high antibody titer
measles, rubella, rabies, HAV, HBV, ebola, CMV |
|
|
Term
| transplantation rejection |
|
Definition
| damage done by immune system to transplante organ |
|
|
Term
| autologous transplant: define, tissues, risk |
|
Definition
tissue returning to same person usually from a frozen state
blood, skin, bone, vessel
no rejection |
|
|
Term
| syngeneic / isofragt transplant: define, risk |
|
Definition
transplant between identical twins
usually no rejection issue |
|
|
Term
| allogentic transplant: define, risk, procedure |
|
Definition
between geneticaly non-identical members of the same species
risk of rejection
need to do HLA test and immunosupression |
|
|
Term
| xenogenetic transplant: define, risk, normal conditions, concersn |
|
Definition
between different species
high rejection risk and animal virus transmission concern
usually temporary and from pig or non-human primate |
|
|
Term
| where are the privlidged sites, why are they good for transplant |
|
Definition
cornea: because it isnt week vascularized. inflammation could occlude vision
testis, ovaries, brain, pregnant uterus
no immunosupression is needed |
|
|
Term
| what can stem cells be used for |
|
Definition
| lukemia, anemia, primary immunodeficiency |
|
|
Term
| where can stem cells for transplant be gotten from |
|
Definition
| marrow, cord blood, baby teeth, fetal stem cells, technology to reverse outher cells |
|
|
Term
| what types of stem cell transplants are there, what are the risks |
|
Definition
autologous: marrow is removed and stored. minimal immune risk
allogenetic: high graft vs host risk |
|
|
Term
| how is HLA typing done, what is tested |
|
Definition
HLA-I and II are tested
class I T cell HLA
Class II B cell HLA
antibodies tagged with flourescent label are detected with flow cytometry
PCR to detect HLA nucleotide
secreen for HLA antibodies: recipient may have had pregnacies, WBC, or platelet transfusion, or transplant. patient serum added to panel of lymphocytes to look for HLA antibodies |
|
|
Term
| where is the location of the HLA gene, how many genes, how many variants are there |
|
Definition
on chromosome 6, approx 200 genes
HLA-A 59
HLA-B 118
HLA-C 124
alpha chain has many alleles
HLA-DR, DP, DQ. alpha and beta chains have many alleles (fewer than I) |
|
|
Term
| explain patterns of HLA inheritance |
|
Definition
sibling has 1/4 chance of being HLA identical and 1/2 chance of sharing a halotype
one halotype comes from each parent |
|
|
Term
| when screening an organ for transplant what do they look for |
|
Definition
HIB, HTLV, HBC, HCV, CMV, EBC, T. pallidum
lymphocyte choriomeningitis virus (LCM), rabies, west nile virus (WNV) |
|
|
Term
| antilymphocyte antiserum: how does it work, risks |
|
Definition
prevents lymphocyte proliferation but not for specific T cells
can cause antibody to reactive lymphocytes leading to lysis and opsonization
can cause monoclonial antibody to CD3 or co-stimulatory molecules CD28 and CD80 or IL-2 receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks purine synthesis, used in transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dysrupts DNA in rapidly dividing cells, used in transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| folic acid agonist inhibits purine synthesis, used in transplant |
|
|
Term
| corticosteroids use in transplant, drug examples |
|
Definition
anti-inflammatory given with mitosis inhibitior
prednisone, dexamethasone |
|
|
Term
| why are fungal products used in transplant, what is the risk, give examples |
|
Definition
inhibit T helper cells by blocking calcineriun and preventing NF-AT needed for IL-2
can cause nephrotoxocity
Rapamycin: interferes with IL-2 signal transduction which stops B and T cell proliferation |
|
|
Term
| types of transplant rejection |
|
Definition
| hyperacute, actue, chronic |
|
|
Term
| hyperacute graft rejection: timing, method, results |
|
Definition
within hours of transplant
antiboies bind ABO or HLA-I antigens on graft leading to type II hypersensitivity where IgM and IgM work via classic complement pathway
graft is destoried via vascular thrombosis, platelat aggregation, coagulation, and edema |
|
|
Term
| how can hyperactue graft rejection be aboided, what transplant is the most at risk |
|
Definition
test for compatibility via agglutination
major issue in xenotransplant |
|
|
Term
| acute graft rejection: timing, results, method |
|
Definition
within days, weeks, or months of transplant
type IV hypersensitivity
takes place with a HLA incompatability recipient T cells respond to donor HLA (usually DR loci)
may respond to minor histocompatability antigens on donor like different AA sequences not detected by tissue typing (ICAM, VCAM, integrins, selectins) |
|
|
Term
| what are the early and later effecs of acute rejection |
|
Definition
early: damage of capillaries and graft membranes
later: antibody complexes depost on vessel walls, complement inflammation, type III hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
| what are the major risks with acute graft rejection |
|
Definition
vascular endothelial antigen: adhesion receptor issues
rejection between mixed siblings
graft vs host and host vs grat |
|
|
Term
| chronic graft rejection: timing, cause, effects, most common transplant method |
|
Definition
rejection for months or years after transplant
vascular occlusion by muscle and fibrous tissue
may be due to pre-exosting autoimmune disease, no direct evidence
often allogenic |
|
|
