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Immuno Test 1
Lectures 1 - 9
156
Other
Graduate
02/18/2008

Additional Other Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Two types of defense mechanisms
Definition
Native and Acquired
Term
Types of native defense
Definition

Barriers to infection

Phagocytic cells

Complement system

Native defense cytokines

NK cells

 

Term
Types of barriers to infection
Definition

Skin

Mucus

Normal flora

Acid in stomach

Antimicrobial peptides -- defensins

Term
Two types of phagocytic cells
Definition

Neutrophils

Macrophages

Term

Types of cytokines

Definition

Macrophage derived in response to PAMPs

Pro-inflammatory

Chemokines

Interferones

 

Term
What do NK cells do
Definition

Recognize and kill cells that do not express normal proteins

Kill some virus infected and tumor cells

Term
Two types of acquired defense mechanisms
Definition

Humoral

Cell Mediated

Term
Three cell types involved with CMI
Definition

T helper cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Gamma delta T cells

Term
What does complement activation lead to?
Definition

Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Term
What do antibodies recognize
Definition
Epitopes
Term
How many epitopes are there?
Definition

10^9

(very specific)

Term
What do B cells recognize
Definition
Intact antigens
Term
What do gamma delta t cells recognize
Definition
Cell surface molecules
Term
What do T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells recognize
Definition

Only peptides processed and presents on MHC molecules

Term
In what ways to antibody specific clones of B cells mature and expand during the memory response
Definition

Higher titer of Ab

Ab can bind more tightly

Ab class has switched

Term
How does self recognition occur
Definition

Ag present during lymphocyte maturation are tolerated

Ag not present during lymphocyte maturation are not tolerated

Term
What four things can occur during immune dysfunction
Definition

Hypersensitivity reactions

Allergy reactions

Autoimmune disease

Immunodeficiency

Term
What are the types of WBC
Definition

Basophils

Eosinophils

Monocytes

Neutrophils

Lymphocyte

Term

What is the half life of eosinophils

Definition
30 minutes
Term
What do eosinophils attack?
Definition
Migrating parasites
Term
What is the half life of monocytes
Definition
1 -2 days
Term
What is the half life of neutrophils
Definition
8 - 10 hours
Term
What is the half life of lymphocytes
Definition
120 days
Term

What % in blood is basophils?

Definition
< 0.5
Term
What % in blood are eosinophils
Definition
1 - 3 %
Term
What % in blood are monocytes?
Definition
3 -7 %
Term
What % in blood are neutrophils?
Definition
55 - 90 %
Term
What % in blood are lymphocytes?
Definition
20 - 35%
Term
What are the precursors to blood cells?
Definition

Hematopoietic stem cell

1. Common lymphoid progenitor

2. myeloid progenitor

3. Erythroid progenitor

Term
Where are lymphocytes in the body?
Definition

Lymph nodes

Blood

Spleen

Intestine

Bone marrow

Other tissue

Term
What % of lymphcytes are in lymph nodes?
Definition
40%
Term
What % of lymphocytes are in bone marrow?
Definition
10%
Term
What % of lymphocytes are in intestines?
Definition
10%
Term
What % of lymphocytes are in spleen?
Definition
13%
Term
What % of lymphocytes are in blood?
Definition
2%
Term
What % of lymphocytes are in other tissue?
Definition
25%
Term
What causes a B cell to become a plasma cell
Definition
Binding of Ag to surface Ab
Term
what is the general structure of Ab
Definition
4 polypeptide chains -- 2 heavy, 2 light
Term
How are the two light chains and two dark chains related to each other?
Definition
The 2 light chains are identical.  The 2 heavy chains are identical
Term
What are domains and how many are there?
Definition

Domains are homology regions.

There are 4 heavy domains and 2 light domains

 

Term
How many residues in the heavy chain
Definition

450 residues

(110 residues / domain)

Term
Where is the antigen binding site
Definition
The end of the antibody arm, at the variable region
Term
How many residues in the light chain
Definition
212 residues
Term
Describe Fab
Definition

Fab is where the antibody will bind.

Has antigen specificity

Term
Describe Fc
Definition

Fc is the same for each class of antibody.

"Fragment Crystallizable"

Term

What is one difference between IgG and IgM

Definition
IgG does not have transmembrane anchor but IgM
Term
What are the four types of bonds between antibody and antigen
Definition

1. Electrostatic forces

2. Hydrogen bonds

3. Van der waals force

4. Hydrophobic forces

 

Term
What are 3 properties of antigen/antibody binding?
Definition

Reversible

Goes to equilibrium

Rapid (depending on temperature)

Term
What does antigen/antibody binding depend on?
Definition

pH

Ionic strength

Term
How can you get pure antibody / antigen?
Definition

Covalently link antigen to bead

Add antibody

Wash unbound antibody

Change pH

Antibody will fall off

Term

What are 5 important properties of strong antigens?

Definition

Foreigness

Size ( > 10000)

Molecular complexity

Rigidity

Degradability

Term
Where does most variation occur?
Definition
Hypervariable region
Term
What is the idiotype?
Definition
The part of the variable region of an antibody that is unique for each antibody type
Term
What is the epitope?
Definition
What part of the antigen that binds to the idiotype
Term
How many amino acids are in the hypervariable region?
Definition

40

(20 on each light and heavy chains)

Term

What accounts for antibody affinity

Definition

Sum of attractive and repulsive forces

Term

What are the two types of epitopes

Definition

Linear

Discontinuous

Term
What kind of epitopes to T cells recognize
Definition
ONLY linear
Term
What type of epitope does antibodies recognize?
Definition

3D structures

Term
Describe hemagglutination
Definition

Normally, red blood cells will fall to the bottom of a culture well, forming a sharp dot. However, if viruses are present, the red cells become bound to the virus particles in a lattice or network. This lattice then coats the well.

Term
What are three ways that complement can fight bacteria
Definition

1. Bacterial lysis

2. Phagocyte chemotaxis

3. Bacteria opsonization

Term
What inhibits the complement pathways?
Definition

1. C1-INH inhibits C1

2. Classical C3 convertase controlled by C4-binding protein

3. Alternative C3 convertase controlled by factors H and I

4. Terminal pathway is controlled byCD59

Term

What are they soluble proteins that regulate complement activation?

Definition

C1 inhibitor

C4 binding protein

Factor H

Factor I

Anaphylatoxin inactivator

Others

Term

What membrane proteins regulate complement activation

Definition

Decay accelerating factor

Membrane cofactor protein (CD46)

Membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (CD59)

Term
How do you inactivate complement in serum?
Definition

Heat to 56 C for 30 minutes

Chelate Ca++

Term
What are two ways to chelate Ca++
Definition

EDTA

Acid citrate dextrose

Term
What activates the classical pathway
Definition

Ab-Ag complex

C1 binds to Fc

Activates C1 and C1s

Term

What does C1s do?

Definition

Cleaves C4b

Cleaves C4b2 -->C4b2b+C2a

Term
Describe substrate modulation
Definition

C1 can't cleave just C2 (cleavesC4b2)

D can't cleave B (cleaves C3bB)

C4b2b can't cleave C5 (cleaves C3b5)

 

Term
What is IgM more efficient than IgG at complement activation?
Definition

C1 must bind to at least 2 IgG

Pentameric IgM

Term
What activates the lectin pathway
Definition

Mannose binding lectin binds to mannose on bacteria surfaces which activates MASP2

Term
What three primary ways/paths can a macrophage be activates
Definition

1. Innate activations through TLCs

2. Immune activation (IFN gamma and microbial stimuli)

3. Alternative activation

Term
What activates the alternative pathway?
Definition
Spontaneous breakdown of C3
Term

what happens to C3b normally in the body?

(alternative pathway)

Definition
H factor binds to C3b and I factor inactivates it
Term
In the alternative pathway, what cleaves C5?
Definition
C3bBbP
Term
what are the two C5 convertases
Definition

C3BbB

C4b2b

Term
what does C3a do?
Definition

Anaphylatoxin

Mast cell degranulation

 

Term
What does C3b do?
Definition

Immune regulation

Opsonization

Term

What does C2a do?

Definition
Increased vascular permeability
Term

What does C5a do?

Definition

Neutrophil chemotaxis

Anaphylatoxin

Lysosomal enzyme secretion

Neutrophil activation

Increased vascular permeabilty

Smooth muscle contraction

Term
what does C5678 do?
Definition
Leukocyte chemotaxis
Term
Describe affinity chromotography
Definition

Virus covalently bound to bead

Add serum

Wash

Change pH

Take bead with rabbit anticanine IgG bound to bead

Add antibodies from the first round

Wash

Change pH

Term
What is the basic structure of IgM
Definition

Pentamer with disulfide bonds and J chain

5 domains 

Has 10 antigen binding sites

Has kappa or lambda light chains

Term
What is the basic structure of IgA
Definition

In mucus --> dimer

In the serum --> monomer

J chain (makes it a dimer)

Has a secretory component (when in mucus)

Term
What does the secretory component of IgA do
Definition

Makes IgA resistent to proteolytic digestion 

Term
What is the basic structure of IgE
Definition

 Monomer

Heavy chain has 5 domains

Lots of carbohydrates

Term
What antibody type crosses the placenta
Definition
IgG
Term
What is the biological function of IgG
Definition

Long term immunity

Memory antibodies

Term
What is the biological function of IgM
Definition

Produced at first response to antigens

can serve as B-cell receptor

Term
What is the biological function of IgA
Definition

Secretory antibody

On mucous membranes

Term
What is the biological function of IgD
Definition
Receptor on B cells
Term
What is the biological function of IgE
Definition
Antibody of allergies and worm infections
Term
What is the effector function and location of IgM
Definition

Intravascular

Complement activation

Agglutination

Term
What is the effector function and location of IgG
Definition

Intravascular

Transplacenta

Interstitial fluid

 

Complement activation

Neutralization

Opsonization

Immunity in neonate

Term
What is the effector function and location of IgA
Definition

Luminal secretions

Breast milk

 

Neutralization at body surfaces

Intestinal immunity in neonates

Term
What is the effector function and location of IgE
Definition

Subcutaneous

Submucosal

 

Mast cell sensitivity

Eosinophil activation

Term
What is the effector function and location of IgD
Definition

B cell surface

 

Non known

Term
what are 6 actions of Ab?
Definition

Agglutination

Toxin neutralization

Blocking attachment

Complement fixation

Opsonization for phagocytosis

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Term
what are the three principles behind immunodiagnosis
Definition

Ag-Ab binding goes to equilibrium

Ab or Ag can be found to a solid surface (plastic)

Labeled will compete with labeled

Term
What reagents are needed?
Definition

Ab

Ag

Anti-immunoglobulin

Labels

Term

How do you name an anti-globulin

 

Definition

Species it was made in

Anti-species

Isotype it recognizes

(Isotype)

Term
Describe ELISA to detect Ab
Definition
[image]
Term

Describe ELISA to detect Ag

Definition
[image]
Term

Describe Competitive ELISA

Definition
Utilizes the principle that enzyme-labeled antigen competes equally with an unlabeled antigen for binding site. Example: Detecting progesterone
Term
What is an example of Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry
Definition
Diagnosis of Pemphigus Foliaceous
Term
Describe precipitation
Definition

 Constant amount of Ab in test tube

Start adding Ag
The more Ag, precipitate forms
Adding more and more,  the precipitate goes away
Precipitate only forms with optimal Ag-Ab
Term

Describe single radial diffusion

Definition
Quantitate Ag
Augor contains Ab
Put solution of Ag in the well in the Augor.  It will diffuse into Ab-Ag are in optimal proportion
The larger the diameter, the higher the concentration of Ag in the well
Term
Describe titration
Definition

Do serial diluations

Add constant amount of Ag

Last tube to see precipitate is the titer

Term

What are the 3 granulocytes?

Definition

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Term

What is another name for granulocytes

Definition
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Term
What is the first line of defense
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
What is special in the cytoplasm of neutrophils
Definition

Contains glycogen

Don't need glucose

Can travel far from the blood stream

Term
Tell me about the cell surface receptors of neutrophils
Definition

Complement receptors (mainly for 5a or 3b)

Ab receptors (IgM and IgG Fc portions-- such as Ab coated bacteria)

Cell adhesion molecule (lets them stick to other cells like endothial cells)

Term

Describe neutrophil rolling

Definition
In venules, there are adhesion molecules on the endothelial cell and the neutrophils that allow them to stick to each other
Also, blood is moving more slowly
Their binding is loose
Neutrophils then roll along the endothelium, making contact with the endothelial membrane à called margination
Term

What is loose adhesion mediated by

Definition
Selectin
Term

What causes tight binding of neutrophils to the endothelium wall

Definition
Integrin
Term
Describe chemotaxis
Definition
Gradient of mediators of inflammation exists.  Higher toward source of inflammation.  Neutrophils can sense this gradient.  Changes in concentration are detected in leading end and trailing end and the neutrophil extends the cytoplasm in the area of  higher concentration
Term
What is diapitesis
Definition
Neutrophils moving through the cells out of the blood stream
Term
What makes phagocytosis by neutrophils easier?
Definition

More hydrophobic molecule

Membrane covered by Ab or Complement

Term
How do neutrophils attach to foreign things
Definition
Through Ab and Complement present on the foreign thing
Term
How does destruction by neutrophils occur (once phagocytosis has occured)
Definition

Granules move toward membrane when phagocytosis is occuring

Granules fuse with bacteria membrane

Dump contents into the bacteria to kill it

Term
what are four primary granules
Definition

Defensins

Myelo-peroxidase

Neutral and acid hydrolases

Lysozyme

Term
what are three secondary granules
Definition

lysozyme

lactoferrin

collagenase

Term
Where are defensins located
Definition

In phagocytic cells

Respiratory epithelial cells

Intestinal epithelial cells

Term
Describe the structure of defensins
Definition

Hydophobic outside

Hydrophilic inside

Term
What is the strongest killing mechanism of neutrophils
Definition
Oxidative Metabolism
Term
Describe oxidative metabolism
Definition

oxygen radiacle form hydrogen peroxide

H2O2 can form OH radiacles and OCl (hydroclorus acid-- with the help of myeloperoxidase)

All of the above kills bacteria

Term
In bacteria killing (with granules from neutraphils), what works best in basic conditions
Definition
Defensins
Term
In bacteria killing (with granules from neutraphils), what works best in basic conditions
Definition
Hydrolases
Term
What are NETS
Definition

Last step of a neutrophil to kill bacteria

 

Consists of DNA, histones, grandular proteins

Term
How does a granuloma form
Definition

Prolonged tissue damage

Macrophage accumulation

Fibrosis

Granuloma

Term

What can activate macrophages

Definition
Cytokines released from T Helper Cells
Term

What are the central roles of macrophages within the immune system?

Definition

1. Initial defense (secrete cytokines)

2. Antigen presentation to T cells (T cells then secrete more cytokines)

3. Effector function -- activated macrophages secrete cytokines, has anti-tumor functions and anti-microbe functions

Term

What do macrophages develop from?

Definition

Stem cell (monoblast)

Promonocyte

Monocyte

Term

what do monocytes develop into in the:

1. Brain

2. Connective tissue

3. Liver

4. Lung

5. Bone

6. Kidney

Definition

1. Microglia

2. Histiocyte

3. Kupffer cell

4. Alveolar macrophage

5. Osteoclast

6. Intraglomerular mesangial cells

Term
What good are Kupffer cells?
Definition

All the blood draining the gut goes to the liver

The gut is full of bacteria

The Kupffer cells capture bacteria in the portal system that escaped the gut wall

Term

How can alveolar macrophages leave the lungs

Definition

Up the airways

Into the interstitial space

Term
Where does most clearance of blood occur
Definition

Lung (cats, calf, sheep)

Liver/spleen

Term

What do cytokines do

Definition

Build up at local site of inflammation

Spill into blood

Circulate to areas such as hypothalamus


Induce:

Loss of appetite, fever, depression

Bone marrow production of neutrophilia

Liver production of acute phase protein response

Term
How do macrophages detect microbial molecules
Definition

Toll like receptors

Term
What can toll like receptors respond to
Definition

DNA

Lipopolysaccharide

Lipoprotein

Flagellin

Term
What do TLCs activate?
Definition
NF (kappa) B Pathway
Term
What does NF (kappa) B pathway initiate
Definition

1. Inflammation (IL1, IL6, TFN)

2. Tissue injury, apoptosis or septic shock (NOS2)

3. Direction antimicrobial response (NOS2)

4. Stimulate T cells (IL12)

Term
Describe the cell structure of gram negative and positive bacteria
Definition

Gram-negative have lipopolysaccharide on their surface with two membranes

Gram-positive have one membrane with a thick peptidoglycan shell

Term

What can stimulate macrophages

(6 things listed)

Definition

1. Cytokines

2. Organisms

3. Lectins

4. Immune complexes

5. Inflammatory agents

6. Cell adherence

Term

What effects can IL 1 have?

(7 general things listed)

Definition

1. Proinflammatory effects

2. Metabolic effects

3. Effects on cell growth

4. Effects on vascular tissue

5. Effects on the nervous sytem

6. Effects on leukocytes

7. Cytotoxic effects on tumor cells

Term
what occurs with low levels of proinflammatory cytokines?
Definition

Monocyte/macrophage activation

endothelial cell activation

Complement activation

Term
what occurs with moderate levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Definition

Fever

Acute phase reactions

Term
what occurs with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines
Definition

Low cardiac output

Low peripheral resistance

disseminated intervascular coagulation

 acute respiratory distress syndrome

(Septic shock effects)

Term

What are 7 examples of acute phase proteins

Definition

complement components

major proteins

protease inhibitors

metal binding proteins

clotting factors

mannose binding proteins

negative acute phase proteins

Term
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation
Definition

Pain

Swelling

Redness

Heat

Term

What do type I macrophages do?

Definition

Produce NO

Proinflammatory

Antimicrobial

Early in response

Term
What do type II macrophages do
Definition

Do not produce NO
Anti-inflammatory

Promote healing

Late in response

Term
Describe Arginine metabolism
Definition

 Macrophage activitation active the nitric oxide synthase 2

Arginine is made directly into citrulline and NO is released which damages the bacteria

Term
Describe neutrophil destruction by macrophage
Definition

Both neutrophil and macrophage have CD31

They bind, signal is sent, and macrophage leaves.

If neutrophil isn't healthy, it won't have CD31, message won't be sent and the macrophage knows to kill it.

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