Term
| Streptacoccus Equi "strangles" |
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Definition
Gram positive
extracellular |
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Term
| inate immune system activation time/ details |
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Definition
0-2 hrs --> 2-5 days depending on the pathogen
not pathogen specific
no memory |
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Term
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Definition
rapid response
fixed
limited number of specificities
constant during response |
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Term
| leukocyte that provides primary defense in inate immunity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
any stucture that can be recognized by the adaptive immune system
most commonly proteins and peptides |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria, virus, protozoa, worms |
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Term
| mechanical barriers of skin, GI, Resp, UG tract and eyes |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical barriers to infection |
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Definition
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Term
| microbiological barriers to infection |
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Definition
| normal flora of the skin, gi, resp, ug and eyes |
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Term
| in absense of barriers burn patients |
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Definition
| infection through skin, no chem, mechanical or microbiological defense |
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Term
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Definition
| cillia cant move so no mechanical flow of fluids/pathogens out of resp or UG tract |
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Term
| Strangles binds to what on the epithelium |
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Definition
| fibronectin and fibrinogen |
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Term
| Humoral components of innate immune response |
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Definition
| compliment, defensins, CRP |
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Term
| First defense mech mobilized in innate immune response |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
enzymatic cascade
multiple compliment proteins
proteins made in the liver |
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Term
| end result of compliment cascade |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 things compliment activation accomplishes |
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Definition
opsinization of pathogens (coats pathogens so they are more easily recognized by phagocytic cells)
Killing of pathogens
Recruitment of Inflammatory cells
Disposition of immune complexes |
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Term
| complement binding to a cell surface is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Compliment activation end results (2) |
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Definition
recruit inflammatory cells
Bind to Cell surface |
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Term
| Alternative complement pathway |
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Definition
first to act
pathogen surface creates local environment conducive to complement activation
cleavage of C3 into C3B and C3A |
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Term
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Definition
formed by initial formed by C3B molecule, plus another proeint called protein B
amplifies the amount of C3B on cell surface |
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Term
| human cells protected by expression of which 2 molecules on self cell surface |
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Definition
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Term
| what does C3B do on the surface of a pathogen |
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Definition
Opsinization
initiates the formation of the MAC by activation of C5 |
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Term
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Definition
| creates a hole in the organism and kills it via recruitment of C5 |
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Term
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Definition
| PNH (paroxysmal nocturnal Hemoglobinuria) |
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Term
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Definition
anaphylotoxins
bind to mast cells causing them to degranulate
bind to endothelial cells, increasing vascular permiability
leads to increased migration of neutrophils out of vessels into tissues and serum out of vessels (more compliment) |
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Term
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Definition
| (histamine and TNFa)are components of |
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Term
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Definition
small molecules produced by epithelial cells throughout the body
these molecules bind to the membrane and disrupt its structure
other humoral component of the innate immune response |
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Term
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Definition
serum protein produced in response to inflammation that can activate compliment the the CLASSICAL PATHWAY
also called an acute phase protein |
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Term
| of all pathogens, extracellular bacteria are most affected by this type of defense mechanisms |
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Definition
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Term
| Mast cells release their contents when encountered by |
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Definition
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Term
| Mast cell granules include |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
increased vascular permiability
vasodialation
smooth muscle contraction in the bronchiles and intestine |
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Term
| TNFa receptor on endothelial cell does.. |
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Definition
| upregulates adhesion molecules to attract circulating neutrophils |
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Term
Mast cells synthesize (not granular components)
and what do they do |
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Definition
Leukotrines and prostoglandans from membrane phospholipids
increased vasc. perm.
sm. mm. contraction
mucous production |
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Term
| events in strangles infection |
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Definition
bacteria enter sub-mucosa
the alternative compliment pathway is activated
bacteria are opsonized by C3b
MAC kills some bacteria
C3a and C5a activate mast cells and cause vasodialation
mast cell products also cause vasodialation, increased vascular permeability, vascular leakage, and mucous production |
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Term
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Definition
tissue based lymphocyte
release pro-inflammatory cytokines upon encounter with pathogen |
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Term
| TLR location and what they recognize |
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Definition
recognize PAMP which are mostly non protein, non-mammalian molecules
Recognize nucleic acids , and lipoprotiens on bac and protozoa |
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Term
| TLRs found on cell surface recognize |
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Definition
| Sugars (carbs) and lipids |
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Term
| TLRs inside cell (on endosomes) recognize |
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Definition
| nucleic acids and lipoprotiens |
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Term
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Definition
| causes degredation of IkB by phosphoralation allowing NFkB to be translocated to the nucleus leading to upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| IL-1, IL6, and TNFa are... |
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Definition
cytokines cause many of the effects of inflammation.
activate vascular endothelium allowing neutrophils to enter an area of infection.
Responsible for Fever |
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Term
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Definition
Chemokine
allows cells to move |
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Term
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Definition
bind to carbs,
weak interactions (non covalent bonds)
bind to addressins |
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Term
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Definition
carb ligand for selectin
diff selectins on endothelium of diff sites (synovial vessels and mucosal vessels) |
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Term
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Definition
bind Ig family proteins
stronger than selectin bonds |
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Term
| Important integrins / integrin complexes |
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Definition
CD18 and CD11 (a,b,c)
CD18 always bound to any one of the CD11 |
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Term
| what type of integrins are the CD18/CD11(a,b,c) |
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Definition
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Term
| deficiency in B2 integrins will cause |
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Definition
| non healing ulcers caused by |
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Term
| Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency |
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Definition
DZ that affects cows, dogs, people
CD 18 not expressed
Neutrophils can no longer adhere firmly and migrate out of tissues
neutrophil counts in serum are very high |
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Term
| process of intracellular killing of bacteria |
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Definition
phagocytosis of opsonized bacteria
phagosome fuzes with specific granules (lysozyme, defensins, myeloperoxidase, proteases, NADPH oxidase)
rise in PH of phagosome kills bac.
fuses with lysosome to create a phagolysosome and completely degrades bacterium
neutrophil dies by apoptosis and is phagocytosed by macrophage |
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Term
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Definition
superoxide
(reactive oxygen intermediate) |
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Term
| Reactive Oxygen Intermediates and why they are important |
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Definition
Superoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide
essential for defense against fungi and bacteria
without this can get chronic granulomatous disease and chronic infection with extracellular bac and fungi |
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Term
| surface protiens of Parvo |
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Definition
VP2 and VP1
VP2 makes up 90% of the virus surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Transferrin receptor on host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins and glycoproteins coat these.. |
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Term
| Viral Surface proteins Do/Don't bind to surface TLRs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
recognize viral nucleic acids
Stimulates the translocation of NFkB
stimulates translocation of interferon response elements |
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Term
| Production of type 1 interferon mediated by |
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Definition
| Interferon response elements |
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Term
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Definition
Intracellular
recognize viral nucleic acids
stimulate the translocation of NFkB to the nuc.
Does the same thing a TLRs
Not located on endosomes (free floating in cyto) |
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Term
| Action of type 1 interferons |
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Definition
different than interferon gamma
IFNb and multiple IFNa genes
IFNs bind to IFNRs in autocrine, paracrine fashion
these TFs induce the production of proteins that resist further viral infection |
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Term
| How type 1 IFNs prevent further viral infection |
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Definition
interference with viral replication
interfere with viral protein synth
production of more interferon
activation of NK cells |
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Term
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Definition
large granular lymphocytes
circulating cells (same lineage as lymphs)
activated by T1 IFNs
Have receptors on their surface for proteins expressed on mammalian cells
Recongnize 2 types of ligands on mammalian cells
Healthy mammalian cells express higher levels of inhibiting ligands |
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Term
| types of ligands on mammalian cells recognized by NK cells |
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Definition
Inhibiting ligands (MHC)
Activating Ligands (MIC) |
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Term
| The response to viral infections Increases/decreases the expression of activating ligands |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Activating ligand
expressed on intestinal epithelium
increased upon viral infection
Recognized by NKG2D protein on NK cell |
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Term
| interaction btw NKG2d and MIC causes |
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Definition
NK cells release granule contents
perforin
granzyme
perforin and granzyme combine to kill the virally infected cell |
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Term
| what cytokine activates NK cells |
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Definition
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Term
| NK cells produce increased amt of what when activated by IL2 |
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Definition
| type II interferon, IFNgamma |
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Term
| similar function performed by antibodies and complement |
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Definition
| opsonization and neutralization of bacteria/viruses |
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Term
| by contrast with complement antibodies are/are not specific for a single pathogen |
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Definition
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Term
| describe antibody design for both B and Tcell receptor / antibody |
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Definition
both have constant and variable regions
bcell Rs and ABs are Y shaped,
Bcells have Heavy and Light chain
Tcells have alpha and beta chain
Bcells have either lambda or kappa light chains |
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Term
| sequence of events in the lymph node |
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Definition
bcells are activated by encounter with antigen
beclls migrate to tcell area
tcells which recognize the same antigen help bcells to divide
bcells differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibody
bcells differentiate into memory cells, which can be reactivated quickly
tcells differentiate into memory cells which can be reactivated quickly |
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Term
| Heavy and light chains combine to form |
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Definition
| antigen binding region (formed by) |
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Term
true or false
immunoglobulin is flexible and can bind antigen in a number of different conformations |
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Definition
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Term
| bond that holds Fab region to Fc region |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| proteolytic cleavage of Antibody by papain |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of aa residues that bind to antibody binding complex on antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of amino acids that are in s linear fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| antibody binds to amino acid sequence that is not in a linear fashion, tertiary structure... duh |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins, carbs, DNA, lipids, metals and Stallions. |
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Term
| types on non-covalent interactions between antibodies and their targets |
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Definition
Van der waals forces - weak interactions between non charged molecules
Hydrophobic interactions - non charged molecules
hydrogen bonds- e- oxygen, N, Fl. stronger than Vanderwaals, ph of environment changes this interaction
electrostatic - neg/pos, very strong |
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Term
| polar aa participate in strong/weak electrostatic interactions |
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Definition
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Term
| hydrophobic aa's participate in hydrophobic/hydrophillic interactions |
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Definition
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Term
| the affinity of an antibody for its antigen depends on |
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Definition
the types of bonds between amino acids at the binding site.
the pH, temp, and ionic strength of the environment |
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Term
| low temperatures decrease/increase the affinity of antigen-antibody interactions |
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Definition
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Term
| low/high ph and low/high ionic strength can reduce the affinity of antigen-antibody interactions |
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Definition
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Term
| cold aggluitinin dz in dogs and people |
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Definition
peripheral blood at its lower temp has stronger non covalent interactions with antibodies
autoimmune dz, make ab's against RBC's |
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Term
| interactions btw. antibody and antigen are mediated by |
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Definition
| the aa in the antibody binding site (mediates) |
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Term
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Definition
| constant region of antibody (is coded for by what) |
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Term
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Definition
V for variable region
D for diversity (heavy chain only)
J for junctional |
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Term
| three mechs that generate AB diversity |
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Definition
random combos of genes that encode the V portion of the AB (somatic recomb)
Junctional diversity through N-Linked addition of nucleotides
somatic hypermutation |
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Term
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Definition
| random selection of VDJ genes when randomly placed together creates hundreds of thousands of different antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
(recomb activating genes)
RAG1 and RAG2
enzymes that come together to recombine DNA by recognizing specific DNA sequences that flank the VDJ genes |
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Term
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Definition
carried out by the enzyme TdT
additional nucleotides are added to the jxns between V and D, and D and J |
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Term
| What are the different ABs |
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Definition
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD
constant regions define which AB is produced |
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Term
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Definition
a pentomer joined by disulfide bonds
binds w/ low affinity
secreted by naive b cells |
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Term
| first gene downstream from the VDJ region |
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Definition
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Term
| how many C regions in people |
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Definition
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Term
| Alternative RNA splicing in antibody production determines if |
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Definition
| If IgM is going to be secreted or transmembrane |
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Term
| Binding of IgM by antigen sends a signal to the B cell to |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| IgM plus additional polypeptides spanning the membrane form this |
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Term
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Definition
final differentiation stage of Bcells
by def they are antibody secreting cells
All ABs produced by these cells have the same VDJ genes |
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Term
| affinity maturation/somatic hypermutation |
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Definition
happens during DNA replication
needs Thelper cells
Mediated by AID (activation induced deaminase)
changes are introduced at random so they may result in increased or decreased affinity for the antigen
the higher the affinity, the stronger the signal to continue dividing |
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Term
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Definition
Activation induced deaminase
introduces nucleotide changes in the VDJ region, which results in aa changes in the antigen binding region |
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Term
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Definition
| the combined strength of multiple bond interactions (IgM has High avidity and low affinity because it has 10 weak binding sites as opposed to 2 strong binding sites) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| patrols the extravascular sites among other fxns. |
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Term
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Definition
permanent change to the DNA
AID is responsible for removing the intervening C region genes
requires Tcell help |
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Term
| which antibodies/cells stick around for a long time |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Thelper cells
provide growth and activating factors for Bcells and other Tcells
required for isotype switching
requires cell-cell w/ cd4 and bcell
activate macrophages to allow them to kill intracellular organisms |
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Term
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Definition
Tkiller cells
kill other cells that are infected with viruses and other intracellular pathogens
requires cell-cell interaction btw. the CD8 and infected cell
need to be activated by antigen |
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Term
| Tcells only exert their effects when they are activated through... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
tcell equivalent of antibody on Bcell, but..
only expressed on cell surface
it recognizes antigen in a diff form
sends a signal to the other tcell when it recognizes antigen
signal activates the tcell to perform its various functions |
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Term
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Definition
the alpha chain resembles Ig light chains (Vand J genes only)
the beta chain resembles Ig Heavy chain (VDJ genes)
RAG proteins mediate recomb |
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Term
| 2 types of Tcell Receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| How do Tcells recognize antigens |
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Definition
Cannot bind to free antigen
recognizes peptides found in the peptide binding groove of class I and class II MHC protiens |
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Term
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Definition
expressed on all cells other than RBC
binds to peptides that are derived from proteins synthesized within the host cell |
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Term
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Definition
expressed primarily on antigen presenting cells (macrophages, bcells, dendritic cells, thymic epithelial cells)
binds to peptides that are taken in from outside the cell |
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Term
| why can MHC molecules bind a wide variety of peptides |
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Definition
because only 2 aa residues stabilize the peptide in the groove.
2 polar aa's form H+ bonds anchor the peptide in the MHC, the remaining residues contact the Tcell receptor binding groove |
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Term
| distance btw aa's to stabilize MHC (class I and II) |
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Definition
Class I = 8-10 aa residues
Class II = up to 20 aa residues because it extends beyond MHC mol |
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Term
| how Class I MHC presents peptides |
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Definition
mRNA comes out of nucleus into cyto
proteins are synth'd by ribosomes
degredation by the proteosome into peptides
peptides transported to ER throuh TAP transporters
peptide is loaded onto class I MHC
peptide+MHC transported via golgi
(self and viral proteins can be loaded onto class I) |
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Term
| How class II MHC presents antigen to surface |
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Definition
endocytosed/phagocytosed proteins/pathogens put into endosome
formation of endolysosome (lysosome has class II MHC in membrane)
proteolytic enzymes degrade proteins to peptides
peptides bind class II MHC
exocytosis puts MHC/peptide back onto surface
(anything can be loaded onto MHC including self proteins etc.) |
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Term
| CD4 interacts with which MHC |
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Definition
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Term
| CD8 interacts with which MHC |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens when a Tcell Receptor is activated |
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Definition
Leads to Tcell proliferation via phosphorylation of ITAM (a CD3 Molecule)causing CD4/8 to bind to MHC complex.
this aids in further activation/proliferation of Tcell |
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Term
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Definition
| TF that when dephosphorylated via TCR activation is translocated to the nucleus and transcribes IL2 alpha chain |
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Term
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Definition
upregulated by NF-AT
binds to IL-2 receptor to induce Tcell proliferation
autocrine or paracrine |
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Term
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Definition
prevents NF-AT dephosphorylation and subsequent translocation to the nucleus
= no IL-2 alpha chain
used to prevent transplant rejection |
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Term
| Tcells are only activated when in contact with which antigen presenting cell |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 basic fxns of dendritic cells |
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Definition
pick up antigen at the site of infection and carry it to the lymph nodes
only dendritic cells carry antigen to the draining lymph nodes
to present antigen to Tcell in the lymph node and activate them |
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Term
| where do dendritic cells and macrophages pick up antigen and how |
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Definition
in the periphery
through phagocytosis and micropinocytosis |
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Term
| type of naive tcell activated upon endocytosis and micropinocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
| Dendritic cell activation results in |
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Definition
increased expression of class II MHC
increased expression of ICAM
increased expression of CCL7 and CCL21 which attract the dendritic cell to the lymph node
Production of various cytokines affecting Tcell differentiation including IL-6 + 12
increased expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 (B7.1/2 |
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Term
| Dendritic cells will only activate naive Tcells if what is expressed |
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Definition
| CD80 (B7 molecule) that binds to CD28 on the naive Tcell |
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Term
| what happens if a tcell encounters peptide but no CD28 binding |
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Definition
| the tcell is anergized (non fxnal) |
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Term
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Definition
ligand expressed on the tcell binds to cd40 on the bcell
responsible for isotype switching and somatic hypermutation |
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Term
| activated tcell produces cytokines that stimulate bcell growth, what else do those cytokines do |
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Definition
| they determine which class of antibody is produced |
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Term
| patients lacking CD40 or CD40ligand will not be able to make antibodies other than.. |
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Definition
| IgM and it will be low affinity because CD40 activates isotype switching and somatic hypermutation. |
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