Term
|
Definition
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
|
|
Term
| HIV is what type of virus? |
|
Definition
| A lentivirus which is a genus of the Retroviridae family |
|
|
Term
| HIV 1 and 2 can both results in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV infects what type of cells |
|
Definition
| Specifically CD4+ cells, but also T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes and microglial brain cells. |
|
|
Term
| How does HIV affect someone? |
|
Definition
| It renders their immune system unable to fight off commonly encountered microbes |
|
|
Term
| Methodology of HIV infection |
|
Definition
| Virus enters a host and viral RNA genome is converted into DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase. Resulting viral DNA is transported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the host cell DNA by viral integrase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The viral DNA that was integrated into the host cell DNA |
|
|
Term
| After the viral DNA is integrated into the host cell DNA what happens? |
|
Definition
| The virus may become latent and remain undisturbed in the host genome for long periods of time in order to avoid detection of the immune system. |
|
|
Term
| What is an alternate scenario after the viral DNA is integrated into the host cell DNA? |
|
Definition
| The viral DNA is transcribed, producing new viral DNA and proteins that are packaged and released from the cell |
|
|
Term
| Lab tests to detect HIV can be performed using what types of approaches? |
|
Definition
Host ab levels against virus (measure)
Host's CD4+ T cells (count)
Virus presence (detect) |
|
|
Term
| The confirmatory test for HIV is based on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the confirmatory test for HIV? |
|
Definition
| Western Blot for HIV-RNA segments (protein segments) |
|
|
Term
| What are some additional tests to detect HIV? |
|
Definition
Patient positive for p24 capsule proteins
HIV isolation from viral culture
HIV-1 NAT testing
Detection of proviral cDNA in WBC's
Detection of viral RNA in plsma (viral load) |
|
|
Term
| HIV infected individuals develop anti-HIV abs how long after exposure? |
|
Definition
30-60 days
(Almost 100% infected with HIV show abs 3 months after infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dectectable production of abs to HIV |
|
|
Term
| What is the screening test used to test for anti-HIV abs in low risk people |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High sensitivity and high specificity |
|
|
Term
| What happens if an ELISA is positive for anti-HIV abs |
|
Definition
| The test should be confirmed by a 2nd and 3rd identical ELISA on the same individual. If 2 out of 3 are positive than a confirmatory test must be carried out. |
|
|
Term
| What does ELISA stand for? |
|
Definition
| Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heterogeneous Detect either ags or abs in a patient sample by utilizing an enzyme labeled ab or ag that can produce a color |
|
|
Term
| Heterogeneous ELISA process |
|
Definition
Ag added to micro-titer plate
Ag coated on titer-wells with help of a non-reactive protein (Bovine serum albumin)
Enzymatic substrate typically produces measurable signal (such as color change) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major sub-techniques of of the ELISA assay |
|
Definition
Indirect (Non-competitive)
Competitive
Sandwich |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the issues regarding the ELISA? |
|
Definition
Enzyme and substrate stability
They are temp dependent
Improper washing/ Separation technique |
|
|
Term
| What is the procedure of an Indirect ELISA? |
|
Definition
1. Purified Ag (kit) incubated to adhere to wells of micro titer plate.
2. Primary ab from patient sample added
3. Enzyme labeled secondary ab (kit) added
4. Substrate added (kit) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chicken gammaglobulin if a purified eggyolk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recognize and bind to ag in the immunoassays from patient sample (if present) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recognize and bind to primary ag. Made in animals of different species |
|
|
Term
| Incubate all performed steps at what temp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins and or detergents that prevent nonspecific binding of abs to plastic wells. (produces false positives) |
|
|
Term
| Colorimetric Detection is produced by |
|
Definition
| Secondary antibodies that are linked to enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What type of enzymes are used in colorimetric detection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzyme-substrate reduction |
|
Definition
| In the presence of H202, HRP catlyzes oxidation of chromogenic substrate |
|
|
Term
| False positives of the ELISA are due to |
|
Definition
Detection of cross-reactive ags
Presence of certain tumors
Administration of passive immunoglobulin
Mishandling of samples
Mistakes in techniques |
|
|
Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
|
Definition
A rapid in virto method for cloning without host cell.
Amplification of target sequences through a series of reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Target DNA: Living or extinct
Primers
DNA Polymerase
Buffer system
Deoxynucleotide tripphosphates |
|
|
Term
| What was the DNA polymerase used in the lab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the buffer system used in the lab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Denature target DNA by heating it at 90-95. This makes the double stranded DNA become single stranded RNA. |
|
|
Term
| What are some clinical applications of PCR? |
|
Definition
Histocompatability testing
Organ / tissue transplants
Detection of mutations
Detection of viral or bacterial infections
Synthesis of labeled probes
Identification of restriction-site variant (RFLP and VTRP)
Forensic analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endonucleases that recognize and cut DNA at specific sites |
|
|
Term
| Where are endonucleases obtained from and what do they do there? |
|
Definition
| Obtained from bacteria where they prevent viral infection bby degrading viral DNA |
|
|
Term
| Restriction Fragment Polymorphism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gelatin-like matrix, produced from seaweed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Matrix of polymerized acrylamide molecules
Uses: proteins and small nucleic acid molecules |
|
|
Term
| Pulse Field Electrophoresis |
|
Definition
Contain high concentration of agarose
Use: Extremely large fragments of DNA. |
|
|
Term
| Capillary Electrophoresis |
|
Definition
| Semi-solid polymer present in a glass capillary. Use: Fluorescent probe detection of STR |
|
|
Term
| Combined DNA Index System |
|
Definition
| National database system to store and match records from convicted offenders and missing persons created by the FBI. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coccus bacteria that occur pairs or chains. |
|
|
Term
| Streptococci can cause what kind of infections? |
|
Definition
| Strep, throat, endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, skin infections, dental carries and necrotizing fascitis. |
|
|
Term
| Many species of streptococi are harmless and make up the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lancefield Type A, gram pos, Beta-hemolytic streptococcus |
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus pyogenes is the most common pathogenic bacteria that contains several components in its cell wall and produce what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Streptococcus pyogenes causes |
|
Definition
| Pharyngitis, impetigo, cellulitis, sequelae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Follows strep infection in 2-3% of cases. Affects the joints, heart, skin and brain. |
|
|
Term
| What is the latency period after post pharyngitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute Rheumatic Fever is caused by |
|
Definition
| Accumulation of antibody complexes in the lymphatic circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| May follow skin or pharynx infections. Occurs when ab formation causes tearing of nephrons. Stimulates inflammatory response in the glomeruli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cell wall components determine the serotype
Outer wall consists of proteins
Inner wall consists of carbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Streptosyin O and S
Hyaluronidase
Streptokinale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extoxin that is produced from streptococcus that breaks down the host's connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An exotoxin that is produced from streptococcus that dissolves clots |
|
|
Term
| Exotoxins secreted in hosts induce the production of |
|
Definition
| Antibodies towards the exotoxins. Can be used to test for diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| about a week after intial |
|
|
Term
| Ab titers take how long after initial infection to apppear? |
|
Definition
| About a week. (Peak at 3-6 weeks) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Seen in about 85% of patients with rheumatic fever
Not elevated in skin infections
Measured in Todd units or International Units (WHO) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapid immunoassay
Detection of certain ags that are unique to group A streptococci |
|
|
Term
| What is the specimen used for a Rapid Strep Test? |
|
Definition
Throat swab that is mixed with two reaction reagents. Reagents are used to breakdown excess cellular material and purify the ags of interest
(Reagent dipstick will be inserted into the tube that the swab had previously been inside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What variable can affect the sensitivity of a RST? |
|
Definition
| Contamination of swabbed area |
|
|
Term
| What should a negative RST be followed by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Infectious Mononucleosis? |
|
Definition
| Epstein Barr virus, a dsDNA virus passed through salivary secretions |
|
|
Term
| EBV is a member of what virus family? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Herpes simplex virus 1
Herpes simplex virus 2
Herpes simplex virus 3 |
|
|
Term
| What is a key feature of the Herpesviridae family? |
|
Definition
| All of the viruses exhibit latency and cause lifelong infections |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 classic symptoms that more than 50% of patients with Mononucleosis present with? |
|
Definition
Fever
Lymphadenopathy
Sore throat
Other symptoms include:
Splenomegaly
Headache
Anorexia
Rash |
|
|
Term
| Some complications of IM include |
|
Definition
Secondary bacterial pharyngitis
Splenic rupture
Hemolytic anemia
Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
Hepatitis
CNS involvement |
|
|
Term
| What is the onset of symptoms for patients with IM? |
|
Definition
| 1-2 months after infection |
|
|
Term
| How long do symptoms last in patients with IM? |
|
Definition
| Approx 1-2 months (virus remains latent throughout life) |
|
|
Term
| IM develops in what percent of teens and young adults who become infected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EBV binds with B-lymphocytes through what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the EBV do to the B-lymphocytes it infects? |
|
Definition
| It causes them to become self-perpetuating. |
|
|
Term
| How does the body respond to the EBV causes B-lymphs to become self-perpetuating? |
|
Definition
Cellular immune response destoys infected B-cells
Ab response destroys any free virus |
|
|
Term
| What does the EBV initially infect, where does it replicate, and what happens after replication? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial cells of the oropharynx. Replicates inside of the host cell and then lyses it releasing the virions to infect more B lymphs which causes polyclonal activation of B lymphs. |
|
|
Term
| What are some common hematologic findings for IM? |
|
Definition
| Absolute lymphocytosis. Greater than 50% of total leukocytes. Greater than 10% are reactive lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is a serotologic finding of IM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approx what percent of adults worldwide are seropositive for EBV and must have either mild unremarkable symptoms or are asymptomatic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abs capable of reacting with similar ags from more than 2 unrelated species (Abs that exist in unrelated species and can cross react with ag of different species) (Humans don't have the antigens) |
|
|
Term
| EBV possesses an ag that can also be found where? |
|
Definition
| Present on animal RBC or tissue cells. Horse, sheep, guinea pigs. or cows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present on sheep RBC's. Will react with the IM serum. |
|
|
Term
| What type of immunoglobulins are observed in IM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heterophile ags can be found in patients with |
|
Definition
Infectious Mononucleosis
40% during 1st week of clinical illness
90% by fourth week of clinical illness
Disappear within 3-12 months after onset |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A presumptive latex (passive) agglutination test in which the Paul-Bunnell ag (from sheep RBC's) is purified and bound to polysterene latex particles. The test will then only react with IM heterophile abs (IgM) if abs are present positive agglutination will occur |
|
|
Term
| Heterophile abs caused by the EBV are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Streptococcal identification can be performed by |
|
Definition
| Serologic grouping by the Lancefield method |
|
|
Term
| More cost effective ways of identifying Group A streptococcus are through the use of |
|
Definition
Immunochromatography (RST)
Latex agglutination
Co-agglutination
Enzyme immunoassays |
|
|
