Term
| How do macrophages specialize? |
|
Definition
| From the blood they are monocytes, but then they go into the tissues to differentiate |
|
|
Term
| Can macrophages present antigens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of dendritic cells ? |
|
Definition
| Plasmocytoid and Conventional |
|
|
Term
| What do plasmocytoid dendritic cells do? |
|
Definition
| interferon producing in response to viral infections |
|
|
Term
| What do conventional dendritic cells do? |
|
Definition
| antigen presentation and activation of naïve T cells |
|
|
Term
| Which immune cell focuses less on front line mircobe ingestion and more on processing the ingested microbes in order to activate T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a phagocytic PRR that are C-type Lectin-like receptors? |
|
Definition
| Dectin-1 and mannose receptor |
|
|
Term
| What does Dectin -1 recognize? |
|
Definition
| beta 1,3 linked glucans (found in fungus) |
|
|
Term
| Which immune cells express DEctin-1? |
|
Definition
| macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| what does mannose receptor recognize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immune cells express mannose receptors? |
|
Definition
| dendritic cells and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What are scavenger receptors? |
|
Definition
| a set of receptors on macrophages that recognize various anionic polymers and acetylated low-density lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are GPCRs important to immune health? |
|
Definition
| they direct responses to anaphylatoxins such as the complement fragment C5a. |
|
|
Term
| What is a GPCR protein implicated in recognizing a certain feature of bacterial polypeptides and induces the production of microbicidal reactive oxygen species? |
|
Definition
| fMet-Leu-Phe (fMLF) receptor |
|
|
Term
| How does signaling through the fMLF receptor work? |
|
Definition
| it induces the production of bactericidal reactive oxygen species |
|
|
Term
| What is the ligand to fMLF GPCR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when fMLF binds fMet residue? |
|
Definition
| The inactive G protein has bound GDP. G protein binds the ligand and releases GDP and binds GTP. G protein dissociates into it alpha and beta subunits, causes signal transduction via Rac/Rho and Cdc42. |
|
|
Term
| What is the end result of signaling through the fMLF GPCR? |
|
Definition
| chemotaxis and respiratory burst |
|
|
Term
| What happens after Rac2 is activated via the fMLF signaling transduction? |
|
Definition
Rac2 activates the formation of a complete NADPH oxidase in the membrane of phagolysosome. NADPH oxidase transfers electron from its FAD cofactor
to molecular oxygen forming super oxide ion (O2-). O2- converted to H2O2 by superoxide dismutase (SO |
|
|
Term
| What converts O2- to H2O2 ? |
|
Definition
| O2- converted to H2O2 by superoxide dismutase (SOD) |
|
|
Term
| how can neutrophils trap bacteria and fungi? |
|
Definition
| when neutrophils die during an infection, the nuclear chromatin is ejected into the extracellular space to trap the bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what kind of bacteria can neutrophils trap with their NETs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do cytokines or chemokines cause vasodilation during inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the speed of blood flow when cytokines stimulate vasodilation? |
|
Definition
| reduced velocity of blood flow |
|
|
Term
| what happens to endothelial cells during inflammation? |
|
Definition
| they express more adhesion molecules and leukocytes extravasate from the blood to the tissues and stick to them |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the micro vessels during inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the structure of TLRs ? |
|
Definition
| Single-pass transmembrane proteins with extracellular region composed of 18-25 copies of leucine-rich repeats (LRR) that form a scaffold for ligand binding |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of the TLRs having a TIR region? |
|
Definition
| TIR region is in the intracellular portion and acts as the receptor for interleukin -1B |
|
|
Term
| A common adapter to TLRs is ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All TLRs are likely to have an Myd88 pathway. Which one is an exception? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which TLRs are cell-surface receptors that are heterodimers when a ligand is bound? |
|
Definition
| TLR-2 + TLR6, and TLR1 +TLR2 |
|
|
Term
| Which TLRs bind diacyl lipopeptides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which TLRs bind triacyl lipoepeptides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does TLR5 recognize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do TLR11 and TLR12 recognize? |
|
Definition
| can recognize intact protein: especially in protozoans parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endosomes; recognize dsRNA |
|
|
Term
| Which TLRs recognize ssRNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which TLR-9 recognizes unmethylated (viral) CpG dinucleotides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What signaling factor does TLR-3 use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the transcription factor that most TLRs activate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the domain of the MyD88 adaptor protein that interacts with the TIR domain of the TLR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two kinases that the death domain activates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the IRAK proteins? |
|
Definition
| to recruit a signalling scaffold. |
|
|
Term
| What does TLR-4 recognize? |
|
Definition
| bacterial lipopolysaccharide |
|
|
Term
| LPS is an intergral part of (positive/negative) gram bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of MD2 in binding LPS with TLR4 ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in binding LPS, what are the other two accessory proteins besides MD-2? |
|
Definition
| LPS-binding protein and CD14 |
|
|
Term
| In binding gram negative LPS, does TLR4 form a dimer? |
|
Definition
| yes....that's the purpose of the 6th exposed LPS chain |
|
|
Term
| What do the IRAK proteins phosphorylate? |
|
Definition
| E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 |
|
|
Term
| Once TRAF-6 is ubiquinated, what happens? |
|
Definition
| a scaffold of activation of TAK1 is created |
|
|
Term
| How does NFkB get released into the nucleus once TAK1 scaffold is made? |
|
Definition
| TAK1 associates with IKK and phosphorylates IKKbeta, which phosphorylates IkB. Once IkB is phosphorylated, it is degraded, which releases NFkB into the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does NFkB up regulate? |
|
Definition
| cytokines (such as TNF-alpha |
|
|
Term
| What is the inhibitor of kB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two costimulatory molecules that encourage APC function of DCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of bacteria do NOD receptors detect? |
|
Definition
| cellular damage in the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between what NOD-1 identify and NOD-2 identify? |
|
Definition
NOD-1: senses γ-glutamyl diaminopimelicacid (iE-DAP)- a breakdown product of peptidoglycan of gram-ve bacteria
NOD-2 : recognizes muramyl dipeptide (MDP) which is present in peptidoglycan of most bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What happens if there is a mutation in NOD2? |
|
Definition
| Crohn's disease and eye inflammation |
|
|
Term
| what kind of amino terminal does NOD have? |
|
Definition
CARD (cCysteine Aspartic Acid Proteases)
caspase recruitment domain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They have a pyrin domain instead of CARD domain |
|
|
Term
| Where are NRLP proteins found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of proteins use an inflammasome to induce inflammation and cell death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the body when there is inappropriate inflammasome activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if there is a mutation in NLRP-3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unmodified 5’ triphosphate end of ss RNA
(viral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of LGP2? |
|
Definition
| cooperates wit RIG-I and MDA-5 in the recognition of viral RNA |
|
|
Term
| What are the transcription factors activated by RIG-1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the transcription factors that STING activates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces cGAMP from ATP and GTP |
|
|
