Term
|
Definition
| The ability of the body to maintain conditions of internal equilibrium when responding to external changes. |
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Term
| How does the body maintain equilibrium? |
|
Definition
Excludes potentially harmful invaders or (foreign) stimuli
Neutralize stimuli if they enter the body
Repair damage inflicted upon host |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of body's mechanisms used to protect person against disease or injury from external agents. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Study of the reaction when a host encounters a foreign substance |
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Term
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Definition
| Foreign substance that the body may react to |
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Term
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Definition
| The body's resistance to pathogens and other potentially harmful agents. (Protection against non-self) |
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Term
| Two categories of immunity: |
|
Definition
| Innate (Natural) and Acquired (Adaptive) |
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Term
| Innate (Natural) immunity |
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Definition
| Present at birth. Body's normal immune functions |
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Term
| Acquired (Adaptive) immunity |
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Definition
| Only present in vertebrates. Developed over time in response to a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Innate immune system's external defense system. Consists of structural and chemical barriers that prevent infectious agents from entering the body (unbroken skin, mucosal membranes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Innate immune system's internal defense system. consists of cellular mechanisms and soluble factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adaptive immune system. Mounts attack against particular foreign substances |
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Term
| Differences between inn. and adpt. immune system |
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Definition
Innate is quicker and nonspecific
Acquired takes longer to react but is specific, discriminate (distinguish self vs. non-self), and has a memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prevents the entry of pathogens and separates the inside of the body from the outside |
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Term
| What are some structural barriers of the innate immune system? |
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Definition
| Skin, cough reflex, sneeze, mucus, ear wax |
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Term
| Respiratory tract (innate immune) |
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Definition
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Term
| Urinary tract (innate immune) |
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Definition
| Flushing action, slight acidic pH |
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Term
| Digestive tract (innate immune) |
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Definition
| HCl gastric juice, acidic pH |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lysozyme (breaks down the cell walls of microorganisms) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Normal bacteria that colonize an individual. They protect other bacteria from colonizing but can be affected by antibiotics |
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Term
| Internal innate defense system consists of: |
|
Definition
| Cellular components, humoral components of blood and serum or plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood is in the liquid phase and has not been allowed to clot |
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Term
| Cells (in blood) of the innate immune system |
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Definition
| Granulocytes, (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) monocytes, lymphocytes, natural killer cells, lymphokine (activated killer cells) |
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Term
| Cells (in tissues) of the innate immune system |
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Definition
| Macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells |
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Term
| CD (cluster of differentiation) markers |
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Definition
| Surface proteins of white blood cells that are used to characterize and differentiate the cells |
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Term
| All white cells express what CD marker? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Polymorphonus clear leukocyte (PMNs) perform phagocytosis (engulf and digest foreign cells and particles). Involved in antigen presentation and activation of the complement system |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process in which a cell of the innate immune system presents the antigen to the cells (lymphocytes) of the aquired immune system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Involved in allergies and are anti-parasitic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Express CD14+. Function in phagocytosis of particulate material and presentation of antigen to T cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major macrophage functions include |
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Definition
Phagocytosis
Present antigens (APC) to ag-specific T-cells
All are part of the RES (reticular endothelial system) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Found in connective tissues near mucosal membranes. Involved in allergic and antiparasitic reactions, are surface receptors for IgE and contain granules of histamine and heparin |
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Term
|
Definition
| CD11c+ derived from monocytic hematopoietic precursors (found immature in blood and mature in tissues) found in Langerhans cells of the skin and found in the thymus. Exist in inactive state until contact with pathogen (antigen) |
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Term
| Functions of dendritic cells |
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Definition
| Antigen presentation and activation of naive T-cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Antigen-presenting cells include macrophages, dendritic cells, MHC Class II, and CD1 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes of the innate immune system (MHC class I) function in lysis by cytotoxic granules, response to bacterial and protozoal infections, apoptosis, viruses and tumor cells |
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Term
| How do NK cells kill pathogens? |
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Definition
| Make direct contact and secrete cytotoxic proteins including perforins and granzymes which kill the target cells through lysis. |
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Term
| Antibody directed cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) |
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Definition
| CD16's presence enables NK cells to bind to ab-coated target cells and kill them |
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Term
|
Definition
| NK cells have surface receptor for cytokine IL-2 that allows them to become LAK cell (Stronger NK cells that release cytokines boosting the immune reactions of other cells.) |
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Term
| 3 Classes of molecules of the innate immune system |
|
Definition
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR)-bind to PAMPS (pathogen-associated molecula patterns)
Cytokines-antimicrobial peptides and acute phase reactants
Complement proteins |
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Term
|
Definition
| Patterns of surface molecules recognized by pattern recognition receptors, PRR's. Allow the innate immune system to avoid attacking self. |
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Term
|
Definition
Interleukin: IL
Interferin
Tumor Necrosis Factor: TNF |
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Term
|
Definition
| Polypeptides that react with immune cells in order to increase or decrease immune response |
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Term
|
Definition
| Proteins produced in response to infection whose concentration changes in response to inflammation. The increase membrane permeability to kill pathogens |
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Term
| Major processes of innate immune system |
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Definition
Inflammation
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reaction of body to injury or intrusion. Brings immune response to infection, repairs damages and removes debris caused by infection or response |
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Term
| What are some hallmarks of inflammation?(STUDY)? |
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Definition
| Redness, swelling, heat, pain and sometimes loss of function |
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Term
| Major events of inflammation: |
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Definition
Increase in blood supply and capillary permeability
Migration of neutrophils then macrophages to site of injury or intrusion |
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Term
| Lymphocytes arise from (acquired imm. sys.) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphs can differentiate in primary lymphoid organs to: |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In mammals lymphs can also mature to become |
|
Definition
| B cells in the bone marrow |
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Term
| B and T cells recognize antigens through what? |
|
Definition
A specific molecule on their surfaces.
B cells recognize ags through a surface immunoglobulin.
T cells recognize ags through a T-cell receptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies (globular proteins that have an immune function) |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the peripheral blood: IgM and IgD and in mucisal tissue IgA. Produce ab in response to ag specifically binding to their surface immunoglobulin |
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Term
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Definition
| Respond to ag binding to t-cell receptor (TCR) or respond to ag presented by an antigen presenting cell in a MHC I or II molecule |
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Term
| T-lymphs can function as an effector by |
|
Definition
| Cytolysis of infected cells |
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Term
| T-lymphs can function as a regulator by |
|
Definition
| Increasing or suppressing other lymphs and accessory cells |
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Term
| Overview of lymphatic system includes |
|
Definition
Lymphoid organs
A network of lymphatic vessels
Lymph
Lymph Nodes |
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Term
| Functions of lymph system include |
|
Definition
Concentrate Ag in lymphpoid organs (provides opportunity for Ag to interact with immune cells)
Return products of immune response back to bloodstream and tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatics (ag, ab and cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
Site of ag-independent differentiation of lymphs
Bone marrow
Thymus
Fetal liver |
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Term
| Secondary lymphoid organs |
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Definition
Site of ag-dependent activation and differentiation
Spleen
Lmyph nodes
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Skin-associatefd lymphoid tissue (SALT) |
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Term
| Function of primary lymphoid organs |
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Definition
| Where lymphs mature into T and B cells |
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Term
| Function of secondary lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Major site of hematopoiesis after gestation. Production site of B cells and NK cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Site of T cell production and maturation |
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Term
| In the secondary lymphatic organs B cells make |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In the secondary lymphatic organs T-cells make |
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic or helper resonse |
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Term
| Secondary lymphoid organs mature by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major functions of secondary lymphoid organs |
|
Definition
Trap and concentrate foreign substances
Lymphocyte proliferation in response to specific ags
Ag brought to lymph nodes by phagocytic cells
Lymps circulate through lymphatic vessels and secondary lymphatics |
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|
Term
| What are the secondary lymhpoid organs |
|
Definition
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Mucosal-associated |
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Term
|
Definition
Site of lmyph proliferation
Cleanses the blood of aged cells, platelets or debris
Stores breakdown products of RBC's for reuse
Stores platelets
Site of fetal erythrocyte production |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lymhoid tissue surrounding central arteriole
Contains T and B cells and plasma cells
Involved in immune functions |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Contains sinuses, red blood cells, macrophages and some lymphocytes |
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Term
| Mucosal-Assocaited Lymphoid Tissues (MALT) |
|
Definition
Located in the sub-mucosal areas along the respiratory and urogenital tracts
May be organized into follicles with aggregate of lymphoid cells
Protects the digestive system and respiratory systems from foreign matter |
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Term
|
Definition
Peyer's Patches
Tonsits
Appendix
Lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi |
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Term
|
Definition
Located where lymphatic vessels meet
Forms a network that drains and filters lymph from extracellula spaces of the tissues |
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|
Term
| How do lymph nodes filter lymph? |
|
Definition
| Macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris |
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Term
| Lymph fluid enters the lymph nodes through afferent vessels transporting what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| drains the lymph from the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax |
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Term
|
Definition
| Drains the lymph from the rest of the body. |
|
|
Term
| Where do the lymph ducts empty lymph into? |
|
Definition
| Venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular veins on its side of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
Lymph flwos toward the heat
Propeled by pulsaations of nearby arteries and contractions of smooth muscle in walls of the lymphatics |
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Term
|
Definition
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymph collecting vessels
Lymph ducts |
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Term
| Recognition of antigens is achieved by: |
|
Definition
Secreted and membrane-bound immunoglobulins (B cells)
T-cell receptors
Products of the MHC |
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Term
|
Definition
| Non-immunogenic, low molecular weight compound which must be conjugated to a carrier molecule to induce an immune response. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Substance that binds to a specific component of the immune system (T and B cells) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Antigens capable of triggering an adaptive immune response, inducing the formation of antibodies or sensitized T cells in an immunocompetant host |
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Term
|
Definition
| Epitopes that are targets of the immune response |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ability of an antigen to react with a product of the immune system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ability of antigen to induce an immune response |
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Term
| Ag characteristics that determine immunogenicity include |
|
Definition
Susceptibility to recognition, uptake and degredation by APC's
Method of introduction of the ag
Presence of certain chemicals that can act as immune adjuvants |
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Term
|
Definition
| Distinguish between "self" vs. "nonself" |
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Term
|
Definition
| Self-ags which are not immunogenic to the host |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ags from other members of the same species as the host which can elicit an immune response in the host |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ags from a species different from the host |
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Term
|
Definition
| Heteroantigens that are closely related and have epitopes that can cross react. |
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Term
| The larger a molecule's size |
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Definition
| The stronger "immunogenicity". Increase in mol. weight = an increase in immunogenicity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Proteins (contain multiple epitopes related to the size of the protein)
Carbohydrates (can elicit ab response by B-cell)
Lipids (lipid to protein immunogenic)
Nucelic acids (nucleic acid + protein = immunogenic |
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Term
| Additional immunogenicity requirements |
|
Definition
Genetics (Individual's MHC genotype)
B Cells and T cells contain ag specific receptors
Dosage |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Subcutaneously (under the skin)
Langerhans cells- APC in the skin
Intravenously (IV)- directly enter bloodstream to spleen
Gastrointestinal (GI)-oral administration |
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Term
|
Definition
| Additive chemical substances used with vaccines which enhance immune response to immunogens. HOWEVER THE IMMUNOGEN MUST BE IMMUNOGENIC |
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Term
| Adjuvants mechanism of action |
|
Definition
Increases the half-life of vaccine ags
Stimulates localized inflammatory reaction
Increasing the size of the immunogen
Improves ag delivery by APC
Recruits phagocytic and inflammatory cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Aluminum salts
Mineral oils (often contain bacteria or bacterial products) |
|
|
Term
| Epitopes (antigenic determinants) |
|
Definition
| The specific portion of an ag that is recognized by T cells (TCR's) or abs and can bind to them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Related to the amino acid sequence of an ag |
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Term
|
Definition
| Depends on the ag's 3D structure |
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|
Term
| Immunoglobulin (on B cells) |
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Definition
| An ab-producing cell clone that makes immunoglobulins that recognize a particular epitope |
|
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Term
| What types of bonds are involved in Ag-Ab and Ag-TCR binding? |
|
Definition
Relatively weak, non-covalent bonds
H-bonds
Hydrophobic interactions
Van der Waals forces
Electrostatic forces |
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Term
|
Definition
| Epitopes may be shared by different ags. Reaction of an ab with an ag other than the one that stimulated its formation |
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Term
| Why does cross-reactivity occur? |
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Definition
| The exact same epitope is on the molecules or very similar to the epitopes |
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Term
| Cross-reactivity is involved in |
|
Definition
| Autoimmunity and can be helpful for vaccines |
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Term
|
Definition
| A modified toxin that is non-toxic but maintains immunogenicity |
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Term
| Immunologic Cross Reactivity |
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Definition
| Toxin and toxoid share common epitopes |
|
|
Term
| What structure determines antibody class? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most predominant Ig in serum? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the heavy chain in IgG? What range does it migrate in protein electro. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the biological prop. of IgG? |
|
Definition
May activate classical complement pathway
Opsonization
Neutralization |
|
|
Term
| What is the only Ig to cross the placenta? |
|
Definition
| IgG (Transferred to fetus by mother) |
|
|
Term
| What is the valence of IgG? |
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Definition
| 2 (2 different FAB regions or paratopes binds to 2 epitopes at once) |
|
|
Term
| What portion of IgG confers its opsonization properties? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a mother and an infant who has the IgG and who has the IgM? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgM's heavy chain has what? |
|
Definition
| One variable and 4 constant domains |
|
|
Term
| What is the heavy chain on IgM? The light chains? |
|
Definition
u (mu) is heavy
K or Y are light chains |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the ag that the paratope binds |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sum of the attractive interactions between the paratope and the epitope |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sum of the binding of all paratopes of the ab molecule and the epitopes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A glycoprotein that attaches via a disulfide bond to the carboxyl ends of the heavy chains. |
|
|
Term
| Which region IgM migrate towards in protein electro.? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the best Ig at agglutination and precipitation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many epitopes does IgM bind? |
|
Definition
| 5 because of steric hindrance |
|
|
Term
| What is the first antibody class produced in humoral response to foreign antigen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the major functions of IgM? |
|
Definition
Best at finding complement (Classical pathway)
Opsonization
Neutralizes toxins and viruses |
|
|
Term
| What is the first Ig produced in a newborn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Ig is present on the surface of B cells and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| IgM and it acts as a surface receptor for B cell mature and proliferation |
|
|
Term
| Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN) is usually not observed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fc receptors on platelets cells allow IgG abs to be |
|
Definition
| Transferred across the placenta during pregnancy (secondary immune response) |
|
|
Term
| IgA's heavy chain contains how many variable and constant domains? |
|
Definition
| 1 variable and 3 constant domains |
|
|
Term
| How many forms of IgA are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the second most predominant Ig in serum that is expressed as a monomer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary functional Ig in secretions that serves as defense to prevent the entrance of invaders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What heacy chain is present in IgA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what regions does IgA migrate in protein electro.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is IgA's secretory function? |
|
Definition
| It prevents the entrance of pathogens |
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|
Term
| IgA1 (serum) binds to which complement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgA2 (secretions) binds to which complement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does IgA relate to transcytosis? |
|
Definition
| B cells make IgA and attach J chain which releases sIgA which binds to poly-IgA receptor on the surface of epithelial cell and transcytosis occurs releasing sIgA with secretory component into the lumen |
|
|
Term
| What is the heavy chain of IgG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the major functions of IgG? |
|
Definition
| Coexpressed on mature B cells with IgM and assists in their development and helps prevent autoreactivity. Help B cell switch Ig class. |
|
|
Term
| What is the heavy chain on IgE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgE helps with allergy response by |
|
Definition
| Binding to mast cells causing degreanulation and release of histamine, heparin and chemotactic factors. |
|
|
Term
| IgE, along with contributing to allergy response, helps contribute to |
|
Definition
| Antiparasitic response and inflammatory response by bringing eosinophils and neutrophils to the area of penetration. |
|
|
Term
| What forms the paratope on an antibody? |
|
Definition
| Localized regions of hypervariable sequence form the antigen binding site (paratope) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| They study of serum portion of blood and reactions between antigens and serum antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What types of bonds are involved in Ag-Ab reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strength of an Ag-Ab bond is determined by |
|
Definition
| # of binginf sites x affinity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measure of affinity of ab for epitope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The highest dilution of serum that causes a visible reaction but beyond which no Ag-Ab reactions is observed. (Semi-quantitative measurement) |
|
|
Term
| How can a CLS deal with prozone and postzone effects in patient samples to ensure valid test response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In agglutination Ag is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In precipitation Ag is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antigens are naturally found on the particle which could be a RBC (hemagglutination) or bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cross-linking of particulate ags to form larger complexes that are visible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cross-linking of a soluble ag to create an insoluble precipitate that is visible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibody excess and only small complexes will form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equal number of ag and ab and large complexes will form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ag excess and no precipitation or very little will occur. (2 ags per ab molecule) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Semi-quantitative tests peformed to determine a titer of the Ab |
|
|
Term
| Passive or Indirect agglutination |
|
Definition
| Particles are coated with ags not naturally found on their surface. (ag may be soluble but are nound to insoluble particles) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Agglutination assays using rbs's
DAT direct antiglobulin test
IAT indirect antiglobulin test |
|
|
Term
| 1st step of agglutination |
|
Definition
| Sensitization- specific binding of ag with ab. single antigenic determinant |
|
|
Term
| 2nd step of agglutination |
|
Definition
| Lattice formation- represents the sum of interactions between ab and multiple antigenic determinants |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors of agglutination? |
|
Definition
Environmental/test conditions
Class of Ig |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charge on a particle. 25 nm between RBC's. |
|
|
Term
| If the zeta potential increases what happens to the titer? |
|
Definition
| Titer decreases because it would take more Ig to hold these charged particles together. (LISS helps improve binding of charged particles) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Used to detect ab or compliment on individual's RBC's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used to detect the presence of the antibody in a patient's serum/plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to facilitate agglutination of RBC by IgG abs specific for RBC ags.
To detect non-agglutinating abs. that are present on the surface of RBC's. |
|
|
Term
| In DAT when is anti-Ig added to the RBC's |
|
Definition
| Added to RBC's that are coated with ab |
|
|
Term
| In IAT when is the anti-Ig added to the RBC's |
|
Definition
| Added only after RBC particles and human serum has been combined |
|
|
Term
| Reverse passive agglutination |
|
Definition
| Ab attached to the particle; detecting ag in blood. used to detect bacterial ags in solution. (strep Groub A testing) |
|
|
Term
| Agglutination inhibition assay |
|
Definition
| Competition between kit-supplied particle and patient ag for supplied ab |
|
|
Term
| PETINA Particle enhanced turbidometric inhibition assay |
|
Definition
| Determine serum concentrations for a therapeutic drug. No agglutination = presence of drug in patient sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combining soluble ag with soluble ab tp produce insoluble complexes that are visible |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors that can influence the rate of diffusion? |
|
Definition
Molecular size and shape
Concentration of Ag and Ab
Temp
Hydration
Gel viscosity
Interactions between gel matrix and reactants |
|
|
Term
| Ouchterlony Double Diffusion |
|
Definition
| Allows for determination of ag relatedness of a unknown test material with known ag |
|
|
Term
| Line of Identity for Ouchterlony |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ags share some common epitopes. Participation line = spur |
|
|
Term
| Radial Immunodiffusion (RID) |
|
Definition
| Used to measure IgM, IgG and IgA and levels of complement. Ag is gel while ab concentration remains constant. Diameter of circle relates to concentration of ag |
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Term
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Definition
| Measurements taken before the point of equivalence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Nephelometry and turbidometry |
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Definition
| Optical analysis methods to acquire and analyze Ab and ag lattice formation. (Light scatter) |
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Term
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Definition
| Separates molecules according to size and or charge when they are placed in an electric field |
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Term
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Definition
| Often done utilizing a solid phase for the reaction and washing away unbound reactant |
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Term
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Definition
| Do not require separation or washing step to separate the bound from the free |
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Term
| Heterogeneous assays what is labeled? And what extra step can be performed |
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Definition
Either the ag or the ab.
Inhibition step can be performed in which labeled and unlabeled reactants compete |
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Term
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Definition
Utilizes labeled Ab binding to Ag
OR
Utilizes labeled Ag binding to Ab
Typically used to detect an Ag in a cell preparation or biopsy sample |
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Term
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Definition
| Utilizes an unlabeled Ag, unlabeled Ab and labeled anti-human globulin to detect the reaction of a mitial Ab-Ag complex. |
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Term
| Indirect Immunoassays are typically used to |
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Definition
| Measure a patient's Ab level to known Ag |
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Term
| Indirect immunoassays are |
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Definition
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Term
| IgM can be used in an indirect immunoassay to determine |
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Definition
| If it's an acute infection |
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Term
| IgG can be used in an indirect immunoassay to determine |
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Definition
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Term
| IgE can be used in an indirect immunoassay to help |
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Definition
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Term
| ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) |
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Definition
| Immunoassay that involves enzyme labeled ab that produces a color change to detect for specific ag. Can be either competitive or non-competitive, homogenous or hetergeneous |
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Term
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Definition
Purified ag (from kit)
Primary ab from patient sample
Enzyme linked secondary antibody
Substrate added |
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Term
| Sandwich or Capture Immunoassay |
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Definition
| Captures ag between two abs. One ab captures ag in solid phase, other ab is labeled and used to visualize the reaction |
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Term
| Why are Competitive assays used? |
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Definition
| Used because sandwich assay won't work due to ag being small and only having 1 epitope or binding to multiple epitopes would create steric hindrance. |
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Term
| What happens in a competitive assay? |
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Definition
| Test kit analyte competes from limited reagent with analyte in patient sample |
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Term
| How do you interpret the results of a competitive assay? |
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Definition
| More color signal = less patient analyte. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adaption of an enzyme immunoassay that uses multiple Ab-Ag reactions and separates ag through electrophoresis. More expensive and lab intensive. Performed only when diagnosis is difficult and/ or critical. |
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Term
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Definition
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of virus or bacterial proteins
Transfer to nitrocellulose (blotting)
Block non specific binding sites
Add patient Ab
Add labeled AHG
Wash
Visualize |
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Term
| When Abs identify invaders what do they do? |
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Definition
| Kill them using complement proteins |
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Term
| Complement proteins kill invaders through |
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Definition
| Directly attacking the pathogen itself using lysis via the membrane attack complex (MAC) |
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Term
| Inactive complement proteins exist as |
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Definition
| Zymogens (inactive precursor= proenzyme) |
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Term
| What part of the complement system is synthesized in the liver? |
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Definition
| Most complement components |
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Term
| What part of the complement system is synthesized in the intestinal epithelial cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the complement system is synthesized by monocytes and macrophages? |
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Definition
| C1, C2, C3 and C4 components |
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Term
| What part of the complement system is synthesized in adipose tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ultimate goal of the complement system? |
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Definition
| Activation of C3 through 3 pathways |
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Term
| How is the classical pathway activated? |
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Definition
| Triggered by the presence of an Ab-Ag complex |
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Term
| How is the alternative pathway activated? |
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Definition
| Antibody independent activation |
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Term
| How is the lectin pathway activated? |
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Definition
| Utilizes MBL found in cell walls or envelope |
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Term
| Where is the Ag involved in the classical pathway found? The antibody? |
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Definition
The surface of the pathogen
Usually IgM |
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Term
| C1 Esterase Inhibitor (C1INH) |
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Definition
| Serum protein that inhibits 1st step in complement activation (classical). Inhibits C3bBb function (alternative pathway). Inhibits MASP1 and MASP2 (Lectin Pathway) |
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Term
| Factor H (Serum protein cofactor for Factor 1) |
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Definition
| In the alternative pathway, it competes with Factor B for binding to C3b on cell surface. It binds to C3b convertase (C3bBb) displaces the Bb and the pathway stops |
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Term
| Factor I (Serum protein that regulated both the classical and alternative pathways) |
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Definition
| Cleaves C4b on cell's surface after C2a has been displaced. Cleaves C3b after Factor A is bound to C3b |
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Term
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Definition
Excessive activation
Lack of individual components |
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Term
| How can components of the complement system be measured? |
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Definition
| By using an antigenic assay or a functional assay |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures the amount of each protein using traditional serologic assays |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures the lytic function of the components |
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Term
| What may temporarily raise complement levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Radical Immunodiffusion (RID) |
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Definition
| Patient serum is the source of unknown |
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Term
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Definition
| "Known" ab mixed with patient sample |
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Term
| What are some causes of low complement levels? |
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Definition
Genetic deficiencies
Chronic infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures amount of complements required to lyse 50% of a standardized concentration of Ab-coated sheep RBC's. |
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Term
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Definition
Constitutes the majority of HAE cases
Deficient levels of C1INH |
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Term
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Definition
Second most common type of HAE
Normal but dysfunctional levels of C1INH |
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Term
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Definition
Rare type of HAI
Estrogen-dependent or estrogen-associated HAE |
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Term
| What are the 3 goals of the complement system? |
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Definition
| Opsonization, Chemotaxis and Lysis |
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Term
| Where does the complement system become activated? |
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Definition
| On the surface of pathogens when abs bind to the and form aggregates. |
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Term
| What attaches to the abs after the have bound to the pathogen? |
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Definition
| C1 formed from C1r C1s and C1q |
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Term
| What happens in the alternative pathway? |
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Definition
C3 splits -> C3a and C3b
C3a and C3B + calcium and Factor B = C3bB
C3bB + Factor D = C3bBb
C3bBb (C3 convertase) + properdin = Stabilized C3bBb (protected from H and I)
C5 then forms the MAC which drills and lyses the pathogen |
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Term
| What happens in the classical pathway? |
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Definition
Initiated by IgM or IgG and C1 cleaves C4 to C4a and C4b
C4b is added to C2 to create C3 convertase (C4b2a)
C5 |
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Term
| What happens in the lectin pathway? |
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Definition
MASP1 and MASP2 binds to MBL which activates C4 and C2.
C4 and C3 form the C3 convertase which cleaves C3 forming C3a and C3b forming the C5 convertase which cleaves C5 into C5a and C5 b. C5b joins with C6 C7 C8 and C9 to form the MAC. |
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