Term
| difference between innate and adaptive |
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Definition
innate: exists before infection (nonspecific)
adaptive: develops in response to infection (specific) |
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Term
| What are the first two levels of the body's defense against pathogens, and give examples. |
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Definition
Level 1: Anatomic barriers, such as skin, mucus, respiratory epithelium, intestines
Level 2: complement/antimicrobial proteins (chemical and enzymatic systems) such as C3, defensins, RegIIIgamma |
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Term
| What are the 3rd and 4th levels of the body's defense against pathogens, and give examples? |
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Definition
Level 3: Innate Immune Cells such as macrophages, granulocytes, natural killer cells
Level 4: Adaptive Immunity such as B cells, antibodies, and T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the body's defense against infection |
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Term
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Definition
| beginning of study attributed to him for work in 18th century. demonstrated that the innoculation of a patient of cowpox conferred immunity from small pox. termed the idea of vaccination |
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Term
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Definition
| the inhalation or transfer into superficial skin wounds of material from small pox pustules to create immunity ---practiced since 1400s |
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Term
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Definition
| He showed that infectious diseases are caused by specific microorganisms. |
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Term
| Louis Pasteur proved what? |
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Definition
| devised a vaccine against cholera in chickens and also created a vaccine against rabies |
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Term
| Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo |
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Definition
| they discovered that the serum of animals immune to diphtheria or tetanus that conferred short term immunity to people from the effects of respective toxins. This was due to ANTIBODIES. |
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Term
| Jules Bordet discovered what? |
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Definition
| discovered the complement |
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Term
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Definition
| a component of serum that works in connection with antibodies to destroy pathogenic bacteria. |
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Term
| Elie Metchnikoff discovered what? |
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Definition
| He discovered that many bacteria could be engulfed or ingested by phagocytic cells and that it is NONSPECIFIC. |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that can stimulate antibody production |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid component of clotted blood from an immune individual that contains antibodies against the antigen used for immunization |
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Term
| Four broad categories of pathogens |
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Definition
| viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites |
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Term
| Which cells stem from the lymphoid progenitor? |
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Definition
| B cells, T cells, NK cells (natural killer), and Innate Lymphoid cells |
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Term
| Which cells stem from the myeloid progenitor? |
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Definition
| granulocytes, macrophages, erythrocytes, dendritic cells, platelets, mast cells |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of granulocytes? |
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Definition
| neutrophils, eosinphils, basophils |
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Term
| What is the precursor to a macrophage? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which types of cells can phagocytose pathogens? |
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Definition
| macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells |
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Term
| Which cell can stem from both the myeloid and lymphoid progenitors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do all cellular components of the blood originally come from? |
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Definition
| pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow |
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Term
| Where do the granulocytes mature? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cells mature in the lymphoid organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three strategies used by hosts to deal with threats? |
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Definition
| avoidance, resistance, and tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanisms that prevent an immune response from being mounted against the host's own tissues. |
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Term
| What produces antimicrobial proteins to prevent microbes from even entering the body? |
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Definition
| mucus, saliva, and tears (contain lysozyme) |
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Term
| What are the steps the body must go through to induce an inflammatory response? |
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Definition
1. inflammatory inducers (bacterial liposaccharides, ATP, urate crystals)
2. Sensor cells (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells)
3. Mediators (cytokines, cytotoxicity)
4. Target tissues (killing of infected cells) |
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Term
| White blood cells are a part of which immune system? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Eosinophils, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Basophil, Neutrophil |
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Term
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Definition
| long-lived, tissue resident macrophages arise during embryonic development, adult macrophages from blood migrate to tissue to differentiate |
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Term
| What are macrophages called in lung, liver, kidney, brain, connective tissue, and bone? |
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Definition
| lung: alveolar macrophages. liver: kupfer cells. Liver: mesangial cells. brain: microglial cells. Connective tissue: histiocytes. Bone: osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
| they have densely stained granules in the cytoplasm, survive only for a few days, has PMNLs (polymorphonuclear leukocyte) which means they have oddly shaped nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively short lived, most abundant granulocytes, they phagocytose better than macrophages, first to arrive at site of inflammation |
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Term
| What is special about the cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils? |
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Definition
| contains degradative enzymes and antimicrobial agents |
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Term
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Definition
| circulation from blood into the tissue |
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Term
| Which granulocytes are non-phagocytic? |
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Definition
| Eosinophils and basophils, |
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Term
| Eosinophils and basophils |
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Definition
| plays important role against parasites, |
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Term
| Which granulocyte contribute to the allergic response? |
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Definition
| eosinophils and basophils--damaging to the host rather than protective, mast cells |
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Term
| Who discovered the Dendritic Cell? |
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Definition
| Ralph Steinman, won Nobel Prize in 2011 |
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Term
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Definition
| ingest solid and liquid matter, antigen presenting cells |
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Term
| What is macropinocytosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| When dendritic cells encounter a pathogen, what do they activate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can macrophages present antigens to T lymphocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do macrophages and neutrophils identify a microbe? |
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Definition
| The complement system cats microbes with specific proteins that den be recognized by complement receptors located on the macrophages and neutrophils |
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Term
| Which are the major inflammatory cells of the blood vs the tissue? |
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Definition
| Macrophages are in the tissue, and neutrophils are in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| invoking an immune response in an experimental i\situation |
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Term
| What did Charles Janeway observe? |
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Definition
| He observed that microbial extract or entire dead bacteria are needed to invoke a immune response, not just the antigens. The extra material in the extract is called adjuvant. |
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Term
| PRR, pattern recognition receptors |
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Definition
| receptors on macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells that recognize specific molecular structure to identify pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| pathogen associated molecular patterns - include things like lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, CpG DNA, mannose....part of the microorganism, but not of the host |
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Term
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Definition
| a Type of PRR that recognizes PAMPS on extracellular activity...or PAMPS that are taken in via the vesicular pathway through phagocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sense intracellular bacterial invasion |
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Term
| What is the difference between cytokines and chemokines? |
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Definition
| cytokines....any protein secreted by immune cells that affects behaviors from nearby cells bearing appropriate receptors...chemokines are a specialized group of secreted proteins that act as chemoattractants. Neutrophils and monocytes have the cheekiness receptors |
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Term
| Who releases chemokines and cytokines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the signs of inflammation |
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Definition
| HEAT, PAIN, REDNESS, SWELLING, LOSS OF FUNCTION |
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Term
| What are types of sensory cells? |
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Definition
| macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells ---they contain PRRs |
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Term
| Which are the only cells that can present to B and T cells? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| They help distinguish between self and not yoself. |
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Term
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Definition
| distinctive granular cytoplasm, lack antigen specific receptors, kill abnormal tumor growth and virus infected cells |
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Term
| where do ILC (innate lymphoid cells) reside? |
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Definition
| peripheral tissues, such as intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| no NK cells, therefore there is an increase in tumor |
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Term
| What do endothelial cells do when there is an infection? |
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Definition
| They produce cytokines that change the consistency of the tissue and it actually encourages the leukocytes to stick to the endothelial cells and migrate to the site of infection. |
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Term
| What is the difference between the constant region and the variable region? |
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Definition
| The variable region is the antigen binding region, the constant region is the effector function |
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Term
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Definition
| a host protein that binds specifically to a molecule (soluble or particular) |
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Term
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Definition
| any molecule that can be recognized by and bound to an antibody; typically induces production of antibodies in the host (“antibody generating”) |
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Term
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Definition
| (antigenic determinant) small part of antigen recognized by receptor |
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Term
| What are the three types of T cells? What do they do? |
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Definition
| cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, Regulatory T cells. Cytotoxic T cells = kills other cells that are infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens...helper T cells = provide signals in the form of cytokines that activate the functions of other cells. Regulatory T cells = suppress the activity of other lymphocytes and help to limit the possiblity of damage to immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| fragment crystallizable region (constant region of antibody) |
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Term
| How do T cell receptors recognize epitopes? |
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Definition
| The epitope is broke down into fragments, binds to an MHC molecule. The T cell receptor binds to the complex of the MHC and epitope receptor |
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Term
| What is the difference between how B cells, antigens and T cells recognize epitopes? |
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Definition
| antibodies and B cells can directly recognize the epitopes, whereas the T cells need presentation via MHC molecules |
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Term
| Are antibodies genetically encoded? |
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Definition
| yes, by segments of genes |
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Term
| What are the two terms referring to the diversity of antibodies, and explain them? |
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Definition
| combinatorial diversity : different groupings of hundreds of gene segments can combine to to generate thousands of receptor chains. junctional diversity: random addition or subtractions of nucleotides at the junctions of the gene segments causes another type of diversity. |
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Term
| True or false: Each mature lymphocyte is different from others because of the specificity of its antigen receptors. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many different lymphocytes are there at any time in a human? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 postulates of clonal selection theory? |
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Definition
| 1. a specfic lymphocyte with a specific receptor exists for a specific pathogen 2. pathogen meets specific receptor and lymphocyte becomes activated. 3. clone cells will be produced and they will have the same receptors 4. lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for self molecules are deleted. |
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Term
| James Gowan discovered what? |
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Definition
| discovered that the removal of small lymphocytes from rats resulted in the loss of all adaptive immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
| that twin calves that shared a common placenta were tolerant to each other's tissues or immunologically unresponsive |
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Term
| What did Pete Medawar show? |
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Definition
| He introduced foreign tissues into mice during embryonic development and showed that they were immunologically intolerant to these tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clonal deletion theory-- that self reactive receptors are eliminated during embryonic development via apoptosis |
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Term
| where do lymphocytes mature? |
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Definition
| bone marrow, then migrate to the lymphoid tissues |
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Term
| What are examples of primary and secondary lymphoid organs? |
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Definition
primary: bone marrow, thymus
secondary: Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal tissue |
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Term
| where do B cells mature in birds? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do dendritic cells initiate adaptive immune response? |
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Definition
| 1. immature dendritic cells reside in the peripheral tissues and they contact a pathogen 2. they migrate via afferent lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes 3. mature dendritic cells activate T cells |
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Term
| how do dendritic cells "take up" pathogens and antigens? |
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Definition
| macropinocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis. Their PRRs detect PAMPs |
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Term
| What are Ag presenting cells? (APCs) |
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Definition
| Display on their surface receptors that can recognize features of many pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| Dendritic cells, Macrophages and B‐cells |
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Term
| What type of MHC class do APCs have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are co-stimulatory molecules? |
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Definition
| cell surface proteins on mature dendritic cells that support the ability of T cells to proliferate and differentiate |
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Term
| What do the lymph nodes do? |
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Definition
| highly organized lymphoid organs located at the points of convergence of vessels of the lymphatic system, which is the extensive system that collect extracellular fluid from the tissue and returns it to the blood. |
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Term
| What are HEV (high endothelial venules) |
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Definition
| specialized blood vessels that flow into the lymph nodes. (they appear more thick and rounded than the endothelium) |
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Term
| As matured T cells leave the lymph nodes, how do they get back to the blood? |
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Definition
| efferent lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| What are the four effector mechanisms of innate immunity? |
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Definition
| 1. cytotoxicity (NK cells, CD 8 cells) 2. Intracellular Immunity (ILC1, helper T cells) 3. mucosal and barrier immunity 4. extracellular immunity |
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Term
| What is humoral immunity? |
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Definition
| immunity mediated by antibodies |
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Term
| What is the most direct way that an antibody can protect from pathogens? |
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Definition
| By binding to the pathogens, they mark them as unable to enter host cells. This is called neutralization |
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Term
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Definition
| coating bacteria in antibodies |
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Term
| What do neutralization, opsonization and complement activation all have in common? |
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Definition
| MArking a pathogen with antibodies, and the cell degrades each of them differently. |
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Term
| What are the two main classes of T cell surface proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of MHC class molecules and which T cells do they bind to? |
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Definition
MHC class I binds to CD8T cells
MHC class II binds to CD4T cells |
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Term
| What is the most direct action of T cell functionality? |
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Definition
| cytotoxicity: directly kills cells before viral replication is complete |
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Term
| Which cell surface protein do Cytotoxic T cells carry? Which MHC class do they bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| T helper cells express which type of cell surface protein and they recognize which type of MHC class ? |
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Definition
| They have CD4 proteins and recognize MHC class II |
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Term
| Which T helper cells produce cytokines? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which T helper cells control intracellular bacterial infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which T helper cells interact with B cells to regulate Ab production? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are several antigens that can cause positive or negative effects upon transplantation. What is the normal and deficient response for when an infectious agent is present? |
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Definition
normal: protective immunity
deficient response: recurrent infection |
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Term
| There are several antigens that can cause positive or negative effects upon transplantation. What is the normal and deficient response for when an innocuous substance is present? |
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Definition
normal: allergy
deficient: no response |
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Term
| There are several antigens that can cause positive or negative effects upon transplantation. What is the normal and deficient response for when a grafted organ is present? |
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Definition
normal response: rejection
deficient response: acceptance |
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Term
| There are several antigens that can cause positive or negative effects upon transplantation. What is the normal and deficient response for when a self organ is present? |
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Definition
normal response: autoimmunity
deficient response: self tolerance |
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Term
| There are several antigens that can cause positive or negative effects upon transplantation. What is the normal and deficient response for when a tumor is present? |
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Definition
normal response: tumor immunity
deficient response: cancer |
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Term
| What kind of T cells can recognize peptides from the cytosol? What type of MHC complex do they have? |
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Definition
| CD8T cells, they have MHC 1 class |
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Term
| What kind of T cells can recognize extracellular peptides? What kind of MHC complex do they have? |
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Definition
| MHC class II.........activate APCs and B cells |
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