Term
| The three levels of immune defense against invasion by foreign agents are: |
|
Definition
1. Physical barrier (skin & chemicals on it)
2. Innate Immunity (Ag-nonspecific)
3. Adaptive Immunity (Ag-specific) |
|
|
Term
| Which helper T cells help fight INTRAcellular infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immune cells contribute to corneal damage? |
|
Definition
| neutrophils and fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| If you have an infection in the cornea, which helper T cells are known to respond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which dendritic cell (DC) is known to produce IFN-1? |
|
Definition
| plasmacytoid dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils are long lived immune cells? (T/F) |
|
Definition
| False - they only last ~7-10 hours in circulation, and 72 hours at the site of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages are long lived immune cells? (T/F) |
|
Definition
| True - they can live for months to years |
|
|
Term
| What are the receptors for NK cells? |
|
Definition
- activating & inhibiting
- FcR-gamma, CD16, CD94, NKG2D |
|
|
Term
| Which T cell engages peptides on the MHC II molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which T cell engages peptides on the MHC I molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chains are found on the MHC I molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chains are found on the MHC II molecules? |
|
Definition
| 1 alpha chain, and 1 beta chain |
|
|
Term
| When you have a peptide produced through the cytosolic pathway, it presents the antigen to which T cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you have a peptide produced through the endosomal pathway, it presents the antigen to which T cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of an antimicrobial peptide? |
|
Definition
| Defensin - innate immune response in the first 4 hours |
|
|
Term
| Defensins are only produced by epithelial cells? (T/F) |
|
Definition
| False - neutrophils can produce them as well |
|
|
Term
| Where is lysozyme found and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| Found in tears, damage cell walls of bacteria that contain PGN (peptidoglycan) |
|
|
Term
| Which molecules are know to mediate the adhesion of leukocytes to the walls of blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| ICAM-1 (on the endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls) links with LFA-1 (on the leukocyte) |
|
|
Term
| Which two molecules are involved in the first signal of T cell activation? |
|
Definition
MHC I or II, and TCR
(antigen recognition) |
|
|
Term
| When a T cell interacts with a DC (antigen presenting cell), what two molecules are involved in the second signal? |
|
Definition
CD28 (on the T cell) links with B7 (on the APC)
(co-stimulation) |
|
|
Term
| What molecules are involved in the third signal of T cell activation? |
|
Definition
| cytokines... IL-4, 1L-6, TGF-beta, IFN-alpha, and IL-12 (DC - differentiation of naive T cells into TH1) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of IL-12? |
|
Definition
Produced by: DC, macrophages, neutrophils, & B-lymphoblast cells...
Function: naive T --> TH1, stimulates production of INF-alpha and INF-gamma from T cells and NK cells, reduces IL-4 mediated suppression of INF-gamma |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important Acute Phase protein in the innate immune system? |
|
Definition
| CRP - opsonin made by the liver to activate the classical pathway |
|
|
Term
| Which "IL-" induces the liver to produce the Acute Phase protein, CRP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of IL-6? |
|
Definition
| Functions: to induce the liver to produce CRP, mediator of FEVER in the Acute Phase response, stimulates the production of neutrophils in the bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
| What compliment pathway does CRP activate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you have a case of SINGLE STRANDED RNA, which toll-like receptor (TLR) will it engage/activate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you have a case of DOUBLE STRANDED RNA, which toll-like receptor (TLR) will it engage/activate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are engaged/activated by... (TLR)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA is engages/activated by... (TLR)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TLR-2 and TLR-4 are known to be cell-surface receptors? (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TLR 3, 7, and 9 are known to be in endosomes? (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which bacteria can induce an infection of the skin of the lid by the way of preseptal cellulitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a bacteria like staph or hemaphilus would it be able to activate the alternate or classical pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C5a is the most effective inflammation inducer associated with ______ AMD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C5b causes major damage in _____ AMD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme breaks C4 and C2 in the classical pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cleaves C4 and C2 in the lectin pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 major opsonins that activate the classical pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major opsonin that activates the lectin pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
C2a + C4b
(C2a is active) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major/active enzyme in C3 convertase in both pathways? (lectin and classical) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a patient has angioedema (puffy face) what is absent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of T cell-mediated autoimmune disease? Antibody-mediated autoimmune diesease? |
|
Definition
T-cell: Psoriasis, RA, Crohn's, MS, Type 1 diabetes
Ab: Grave's,
BOTH: Hashimoto's, SLE, Sjorgen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Opsonization of antigens for phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils; Activation of the classical pathway of compliment; Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity mediated by NK cells; Neonatal immunity: transfer of maternal antibody across the placenta and gut; Feedback inhibition of B cell activation
(has 2 binding sites) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Activation of the classical pathway of complement; Antigen receptor of naive B lymphocytes
(produced by B cells; 1st antibody to appear after exposure; has 10 binding sites) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mucosal immunity: secretion of IgA into the lumens of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract
(can have up to 4 binding sites - dimeric conformation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mast cell degranulation (immediate hypersensitivity reactions)
(allergies & parasites; found only in mammals; is least populous "Ig-" but can produce the greatest inflammatory response; has 2 binding sites) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antigen receptor of naive B lymphocytes
(co-expressed with IgM on mature B-lymphocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Over-expression of TNF-alpha, and Under-expression of IL-10 |
|
|
Term
| Which cytokine induces liver cells to make it "hot in here"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do PGN and LPS, found on bacterial cell walls, activate? |
|
Definition
Alternate pathway - they release C5a
(C5a attracts neutrophils and macrophages) |
|
|
Term
| What components in the cell wall of bacteria can activate B cells without the help of T cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two cytokines does TH17 produce? |
|
Definition
IL-17 and IL-22.
(IL-22 is "nice"... IL-17 induces stromal cells to make IL-8, which is a chemokine that recruits neutrophils for acute inflammation) |
|
|
Term
| What two cytokines induce CD4+ to become TH17 cells? |
|
Definition
IL-6 and TGF-beta
(TGF = transforming growth factor) |
|
|
Term
| What helper T cells help fight EXTRAcellular infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NK cells are important in ______ cellular infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils are important in ______ cellular infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of a bacterium will block phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no PGN
(since chlamydia has no PGN, it cannot be treated with penicillin) |
|
|
Term
| Which immune cells are most important in innate immunity against fungi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells are most important in the innate immunity against viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are most important in the acquired immunity against viruses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which virus(es) show antigenic variation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does HIV avoid getting phagocytized? |
|
Definition
| Picks up CD59 (which blocks the formation of MHC) and uses it as "protection" from the immune system |
|
|
Term
| Which immune cells are most important in the innate immunity against parasites? |
|
Definition
| Fibroblasts and neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What plays a major role in the clearance of parasites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Helminth infections are mediated by the activation of: |
|
Definition
| TH2 cells and eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| Protazoa infections are mediated by the activation of: |
|
Definition
| TH1 cell derived cytokines |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of dendritic cells (DC)? |
|
Definition
| plasmacytoid, follicular, conventional |
|
|
Term
| What receptor engages LPS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FDC is able to present to T cells? (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages can present antigens to naive T cells? (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immature DC can present antigens to naive T cells? (T/F) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is special about Di George syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Thymus is small or non-existant |
|
|
Term
| In the spleen, which pulp is responsible for initiating immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the spleen, which pulp is responsible for filtering blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the T-cell zone in a lymph node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most abundant immune cell in circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| M cells can present antigens to T cells? (T/F) |
|
Definition
| False - M cells transport antigens into cells of the GIT and conj. |
|
|
Term
| Which immune cell initiates an immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does MALT stand for? |
|
Definition
| Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| When a B cell is activated with the help of a T cell, what does it produce? |
|
Definition
| Memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| Where does positive selection of T cells take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does negative selection of T cells take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the double negative stage of T cell selection? |
|
Definition
| (1st stage) rearrangement of T cell receptor genes |
|
|
Term
| Which cell produces B cells, T cells, and NK cells? |
|
Definition
| Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP) |
|
|
Term
| What cells does the Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP) produce? |
|
Definition
| Macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, DC, and neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What cytokine induces T cell proliferation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which eye drop is known to block TNF-1 receptors, but is NOT used on patients with dry eye? |
|
Definition
| Pataday - is an antihistamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 cytokines induce inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cytokines suppress the immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokines induce B cells to produce IgE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cytokines induce B cells to produce IgG? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a neutrophil engulfs a bacteria, if must fuse_____? (2) |
|
Definition
| phagosome + lysosome = PHAGOLYSOSOME! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what stage does a T cell have its heavy chain rearranged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what stage does a T cell have its light chain rearranged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells in the thymus mediate positive selection? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial cells of the cortex |
|
|
Term
| Which cells in the thymus mediate negative selection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which B cell produces more IgG, IgE, and IgA? (B1 or B2?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which B cell is known to require T cell help to make antibodies? (B1 or B2?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what stage of B cell development is the heavy chain rearranged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what stage of B cell development is the light chain rearranged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mature B cells express ____ and _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immature B cells express _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzymes are important in mediating heavy and light chain rearrangement in B cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which gene locus is arranged FIRST in the light chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cytokine meditate CD4+ cells to become TH17? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cytokine mediates CD4+ cells to become follicular B cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cytokine mediates CD4+ cells to become TH1? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient has GPC on his cornea. Which cytokine induces fibroblasts to attack the GPC? |
|
Definition
| IL-4 (produced by mast cells) |
|
|
Term
| What modulates mast cell degranulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A polysaccharide a thymus-dependent antigen. (T/F) |
|
Definition
| False (because it has no protein) |
|
|
Term
| Which helper T cell plays a major role against extracellular helminths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immune cell provides immunity against acanthomoeba? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immune cell is known to LINK innate and adaptive immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CD40 and CD40-L interaction is the second signal needed for what cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which virus causes oncogenic and cervical cancer? |
|
Definition
| HPV - which has E6 and E7 |
|
|
Term
| What is oppressed in cancer cells? |
|
Definition
RB1-10 and p53
(inhibitory effect on proliferation and tumor suppressor) |
|
|
Term
| What virus causes nasopharyngeal carcinoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two cytokines does TH17 produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
