Term
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Definition
| bolus of immunoglobulins injected from healthy source |
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Term
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Definition
| response to antigen by mast cells which recruit more WBC's and increase dilation of vessels |
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Term
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Definition
mast cells - mnediators in preformed granules and de novo mediators
IgE from B cells and T cells
allergens |
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Term
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Definition
| leave blood, enter lymph nodes, join efferent lymph, return to blood, cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| transported to lymph node, activate immune response |
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Term
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Definition
spread of infection into blood
activates macrophages in spleen and liver (increase TNF-alpha -> systemic vasodilation)
disseminated intravascular coagulation (uses up clotting factors, leakage and clotting in capillary beds)
vital organ failure (due to blocked capillary beds) |
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Term
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Definition
small amphipathic molecules, secreted by epithelial cells
alpha and beta calsses
constitutively maintained, increase when pathogen present
mechanism: invade membrane of cell and form pore in pathogen
makes it hard to survive and gives more time for rest of immune system to react |
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Term
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Definition
formation of WBCs for innate and adaptive
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells |
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Term
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Definition
form WBCs that are mainly adaptive
B cells, T cells, plasma cells, effector T cells and NK cells (only innate cell from this processes) |
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Term
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Definition
from common lymphoid progenitor
requires IL7 and IL15
large lymphocyte
major role in viral elimination |
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Term
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Definition
derived from common myeloid progenitor and unknown precursor cell
requires IL3 and MCSF
circulating cell, longer life than PMNs
tissue specific differentiation to macrophage
activated by chemokines and integrins at infection site |
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Term
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Definition
common myeloid -> unknonw precursor -> monocyte -> tissue specification
requires IL3 and MCSF
tissue located cell
recognize, phagocytize, release cytokines and recruit neutrophils, also APC |
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Term
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Definition
macrophage surface molecule
recognizes fungal infections by glucan on wall
form of direct pathogen recognition |
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Term
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Definition
macrophage surface molecule
recognizes by-products of inflammation
form and mannose on pathogens
form of direct pathogen recognition |
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Term
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Definition
macrophage surface molecule
recognizes bacteral cell wall by the lipids and other components
form of direction pathogen recognition |
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Term
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Definition
macrophage surface moleulce
recognizes marked bacteria
form of indirect pathogen recognition |
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Term
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Definition
macrophage surface molecule
recognizes fMet-Leu-Phe that is only found from prokaryotes
GPCR type
activattion caues monocyte and PMN recruitment and increased antimicrobial activity (e.g. NADPH oxidase assembly) |
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Term
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Definition
toll-like receptors
expressed on macrophages and other cells
recognize patterns associated with pathogens (PAMPs)
activation causes cytokine production and secretion, amplification of immune response and elimination of pathogen
internally activates NFKB, activates cytokine gene program and AP1 |
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Term
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Definition
external receptor
organisms:
mycobacteria, T. cruzi, yeast |
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Term
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Definition
internal receptor
responds to dsRNA
important for viruses |
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Term
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Definition
external receptor
recognizes Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
external receptor
recognize flagella |
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Term
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Definition
internal receptor
recognizes inappropro ssRNA
important for viruses |
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Term
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Definition
external receptor
recognizes G-rich oligonucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
internal receptor
recognizes unmethylated CpG DNA
important for intracellular bacterial infections |
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Term
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Definition
cytokine from macrophage
causes systemic fever, acute-phase protein production in hepatoctytes
appears 6-12 hrs after initial recognition |
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Term
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Definition
macrophage-released cytokine
Local: activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability, localized blood clotting, integrin expression
systemic: fever, mobilization of metabolites, shock (6-12 hours after recognition) |
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Term
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Definition
macrophage-released cytokine
Local: activates vascular epithelium, activates lymphocytes, local tissue destruction, increases access of effector cells
Systemic: fever, IL-6 production, appears 6-12 hrs after initial recognition |
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Term
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Definition
cytokine released by macrophage, fibroblasts, epithelial and endothelial cells
bind to CXCR1 and CXCR2
Local: chemoattractant, recruits neutrophils and basophils, activates cells to release granules |
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Term
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Definition
macrophage-released cytokine
Local: activates NK cells, viral elimination |
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Term
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Definition
released by monocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and kertinocytes
Local: recruits monocytes to site of infection |
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Term
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Definition
common myeloid -> unknown precursor
requires IL3
found in all CT
major role: release histamines and leukotrienes
causes redness and swelling, allergic response role |
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Term
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Definition
common myeloid -> common granulocyte
requires IL3, GMCSF, GCSF and IL5
circulating cell
1-2 day half-life
active phagocytes
30-reservoir in marrow, band forms
eliminate bacteria
recruited by CXCL8, fMLP, and C5a (integrins and cytokines)
dies after phagocytosis of pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
common myeloid -> common granuloctye
requires IL3, GMCSF, GCSF, IL5
circulating cell
parasites and worms |
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Term
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Definition
common myeloid -> common granulocyte
requires: IL3, GMCSF, GCSF, IL5
circulating cell
parasites and worms |
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Term
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Definition
pathogen or plant derived, artificial to body
recognized by macrophage, dendritic cell or B cell |
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Term
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Definition
synthesized by normal cell machinery, like in virus infected cell
recognized by NK and T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of leukocytes into infected area |
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Term
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Definition
acidification
toxic oxygen-derived products
toxic nitrogen-derived products (rare)
antimicrobial peptides
enzymes
competitors |
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Term
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Definition
used by macrophages and neutrohils to kill pathogens
produces toxic oxygen-derived products |
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Term
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Definition
used by macrophages and neutrophils to kill pathogens
make holes in pathogens for access |
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Term
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Definition
type of enzyme used to kill pathogen
digests cell walls of some Gram-positive bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
enzymes used to kill pathogens
break down ingested microbes |
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Term
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Definition
method used by PMNs to kill pathogens
i.e. lactoferrin, vit b12-binding protein
prevent effective growth of pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
IL1, IL6 TNFalpha
increase body temperature to decrease replication rate of pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
systemic effects of inflammatory cytokines
pyrogen activation and liver activation to produce acute-phase proteins
increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate due to increased blood viscosity |
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Term
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Definition
compliment activation
fibrinogen -> make clots, control pathogen
mannose-binding lectin -> activates complement system
C-reactive protein -> activates complement system |
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Term
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Definition
one of acute phase proteins
binds to mannose produced on exterior or pathogen
activates complement system |
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Term
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Definition
acute of actue phase proteins
binds phosphocholine on bacterial surfaces
activates complement system |
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Term
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Definition
recognition: macrophages
amplification: cytokine secretion (band recruitment)
elimination: phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
recognition: TLRs
amplification: interferons from cells
elimination: NK cell cytotoxic granules |
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Term
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Definition
activates oligoadenylate synthase -> endoribonuclease -> degradation of viral RNA
activates PKR -> phosphorylates EIF-2 -> inhibits protein synthesis
activates IFN-alpha -> IRF7 -> amplifies IFN response |
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Term
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Definition
natural interferon producing cell
dendritic like cells in peripheral blood
produce huge amounts of IFN when TLR7 and TLR9 activated (viral recognition)
migrate from infection site to lymph node to help with switch to adaptive |
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Term
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Definition
activated by IFNs, IL-12, and TNF-alpha
can recognized MHC on cells
recognize abnormal MHC, MIC-A/MIC-B and other stress-induced surface markers on cells
secrete cytotoxic granules to kill infected cell expressing weird surface markers |
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Term
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Definition
CD56 (high = immature, low = mature)
NDG2d for all
immunogloublin-like and lectin-like |
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Term
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Definition
receptor expressed on all NK cells
has internal DAP10 for signaling
activates PI3 kinase, promotes survival and inhibits NK granule release |
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Term
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Definition
internal component of some NK cell receptors
activates granule release |
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Term
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Definition
internal component of some NK cell receptors
inhibits granule release |
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Term
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Definition
granzymes = serine proteases, activate apoptotic response in infected cells
perforin = similar to C9, creates pore intracelluarly, assists in killing of infected cells
IFN-gamma = activates macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
six alleles: A, B, C, E, G, F
expressed on all cells except RBCs
req. peptide to migrate to PM |
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Term
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Definition
five alleles: DR, DQ, DP, DM, DO
expressed on APCs from immune system
req. peptide to migrate to PM |
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Term
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Definition
large number of proteins in blood, lymph and other fluids
produced by Kuppfer cells in liver
bind to surface and signal for phagocytosis and perforation of pathogen, also activates inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
pathogen surface creates local environment conducive to complement activation
C3 tickover (constitutive baseline activity)
requires: C3, B, and D |
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Term
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Definition
mannose-binding lectin binds to pathogen surface and activates complement system
requires: MBL/ficolin, MASP-2, C4 and C2 |
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Term
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Definition
C-reactive protein or antibody binds to specific antigen on pathogen surface and activates complement system
requires: C1a, C1r, C1s, C4 and C2 |
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Term
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Definition
alternative: iC3Bb, C3bBb
classical: C4b2a
lectin: C4b2a |
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Term
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Definition
classical and lectin: C2a4b3b
alternative: C3bBbC3b |
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Term
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Definition
C5a>C3a>>>C4a
increase vascular permeability
increase adhesion molecules on vascular endothelial cells (recruit more phagocytes)
activate mast cells to amplify response
recruit antibodies, complements and PMNs to infection site
signal pathogen bearing DCs to mirgrate |
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Term
| complement fixation results |
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Definition
no RBC lysis -> complement was fixed -> PT has antibodies
RBC lysis -> complement was not fixed yet -> PT did not have Abs |
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Term
| adaptive response characteristics |
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Definition
interaction of APCs and T cells
activates of B cells
interaction of B and T cells
effector lymphocytes leave lymphoid tissues
effector cells and antibodies eliminate pathogen
memory |
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Term
| interaction of APC and T cells |
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Definition
recognition - adehsion - co-stimulation - T cell diff and prolif
reacts within hours, lasts for days |
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Term
| interaction of T and B cells |
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Definition
formation of germinal centers
formation of effector and memory B cells
production of antibody
response within days, lasts for weeks |
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Term
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Definition
involves maintenance of memory B and T cells
show high serium or mucosal antibody levels
protects against reinfection
response within days to weeks, can last lifelong |
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Term
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Definition
common lymphoid
requires: IL7
leaves marrow as almost mature form
can recognize angtigens
migrate and reside in lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
= immunoglobulin = BCR
maintained on PM of B cell
produce more in response to activation by antigen
recognizes Ag of pathogen directly
help by binding or neutralizing pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
activated B cell
produces and releases antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
small molecule that are usually too small to be recognized themselves but can alter proteins on surface of cell and create an antigen
antigen can be recognized by B cell |
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Term
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Definition
| property of an antigen that allows for it to induce specific immune response |
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Term
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Definition
common lymphoid
requiers IL7
leave marrow as immature (capable of B or macrophage still)
enters thymus for final development
require APC for antigen recognition
migrate to and reside in lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
highly specific
recognize processed antigens in complex with MHC proteins |
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Term
| MHC-2 interaction with T cell |
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Definition
expressed on B cells and macrophages
recognized by CD4 T cells |
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Term
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Definition
macrphage: signals T cell to make IFN-gamma
T cell: signals macrophage to produce TNF-alpha and activates it further |
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Term
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Definition
B cell: signals T cell to produce cytokines and switch isotope of Igs
T cell: signals B cell to secrete antibodies, attach pathogen and create memory cells |
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Term
| MHC-1 interaction with T cell |
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Definition
expressed by all cells
recognized by cytotoxic T cell (CD8)
activates T cell, which kill the infected cell that is presenting the antigen |
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Term
| dendritic cell development |
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Definition
common myeloid -> unknown -> monocyte -> DC
requires IL3, MCSF
tissue located cell
found in CT and lymphoid tissue
major role: movement of antigens to secondary lymph tissue from infection site
antigen processing and presentation to T cell |
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Term
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Definition
recognition: macrophage and dendritic cells
movment: DCs
2* recognition: T cells (random interact with DCs) and B cells
amplification: lymphocytes prolif and migrate to infection site
elimination: T cells and B cells
memory: B and T cells |
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Term
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Definition
recognition: MHC-I comlex with viral peptide and T cell interact (or) B cell
elmination: cytotoxic T cell (or) B cell makes neutralizing Abs that bind viral particle |
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