Term
|
Definition
| Thin outer layer, made of keratin, replaced every 15-30 days, outer layer dead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thicker inner layer, connective tissue and blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, pH 3-5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ears, eyes, intestines, reproductive system, respiratory system |
|
|
Term
| Ear protective mechanisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eyes protective mechanisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intestine protective mechanisms |
|
Definition
| Acid barrier, peristalsis, mucus |
|
|
Term
| Reproductive systems protective mechanisms |
|
Definition
| Acid secretions, spermine |
|
|
Term
| Excretory system protective mechanisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Respiratory system protective mechanisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| raises body temperature in attempt to kill microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actively phagocytic, rapid response |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophil Primary granules |
|
Definition
| azurophilic, contain acid hydrolases, neutral proteases, myeloperoxidase, cationic proteins and lysozomes |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophil Secondary granules |
|
Definition
| Lysozome, collagenase, lactoferin, C5 cleaving enzymes, Vit B12 binding proteins |
|
|
Term
| Eosinophil Granules contain |
|
Definition
| Major basic protein (crystalline core) eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil granule peroxidase, also lipid membrane derived mediators, resist parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recruited in large numbers to cutaneous lesions, contain serine esterases, some histamine, ECF-A also lipid membrane derived mediators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phagosome may contain acid, toxic oxygen-derived mols, toxic nitrogen oxides antimicrobial peptides defensins, cationic proteins, enzymes lysozyme acid hydrolyses, |
|
|
Term
| Primary lymphocyte organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary lymphocyte organs |
|
Definition
| waldeyers ring(lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids) lymph nodes, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, peyers patch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced in primary organs, migrate to secondary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any molecules recognised by the receptors of the immune system,normally glyco-proteins or glyco-lipids, |
|
|
Term
| Difference between ig and TCR |
|
Definition
| Ig recognises epitopes on molecules in native form, TCR recognises them when they are continuous or linear, i.e. broken down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recognise epitopes presented by phagocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most abundant immunoglobin, monomer, 4 subclasses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pentamer, first to be secreted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretory, protects mucosal surfaces, dimeric |
|
|
Term
| Complement is activated by |
|
Definition
| anitbody/antigen complexes or microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anitbody cotaed bacteria are phagositosed more efficiently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to recognize and bind to antigens, to initiate protective activity, such as block active sites on toxins, and causes lysis of target through complement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kill virus infected or mutant cells, and control the IR |
|
|
Term
| Three methods of cytoxity |
|
Definition
| Perforin, apoptosis, release of cytokines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release perforin, which opens polyperforin channels, disrupting osmotic balance, leading to lysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes released that damage cell membrane and cause lysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orchestrate immune response, including release of cytokines (these are inhibited by HIV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| active at low concentrations locally and briefly, has a range of activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type I - hypersensitivity (allergy) Mast cells, IgE, antigen/allergen
Type IV- contact hypersensitivity - nickel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sleeping sickness, passed by tsetse fly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Zodiac killer disease (chagas) spread by reduviid bugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leishmaniasis, spread by sand flies, causes tissue necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trichomaniasis, spread sexually |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Giardiasis, spread by cysts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Histomoniasis, spread via eggs of nematode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passed onto humans through cats, major cause of abortion, can cause calcification of brain, makes women more easygoing and less trustworthy, and men more aggressive and anti-social |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common forms of plasmodium |
|
Definition
faciparum (most common and pathogenic)
vivex (second most common)
malariae (rare but long lasting)
ovale (rare) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sporozoites injected into host -> pre-erythrocytic cycle in lover -> merozoites invade erythrocytes and initiate erythrocyctic -> ring stages, trophozoites, schizonts, gametocytes -> transmission to mosquitos |
|
|
Term
| Innate immunity to malaria |
|
Definition
| west africa has no Duffy blood group antigen, so the erythrocytes cannot bind |
|
|
Term
| In malaria susceptibility rises during |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sickle cell aneamia and malaria |
|
Definition
| carrying one allele for sickle cell aneamia provides resistance to malaria and thus an evolutionary advantage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chloroquine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, primaquine, mefloquine, halofantrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First anti-malaria drug, prevented DNA replication in all four species, resisted highly now |
|
|
Term
| Giving anti-malarial tablets away |
|
Definition
| people in countries more resistant, and anti-malarial tablets can only help one person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biological control of malaria |
|
Definition
| Fish to eat plasmodium, bacteria, genetically modified resistant mosquitos |
|
|
Term
| Effects of trypanosomiasis on population |
|
Definition
| High infant mortality, possible adult mortality, induction of sterility |
|
|
Term
| Effects of trypanomiasis on farming |
|
Definition
| no cattle can be herded in areas of high tsetse fly population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| swelling at site of tsetse fly bite |
|
|
Term
| Trypanosomes evadde immunity by |
|
Definition
| switching antigens, it has a variable surface glycoprotein |
|
|
Term
| Trypanosomes cause anaemia by |
|
Definition
| releasing antigens that stick to erythrocytes, which are then attacked by antibodys |
|
|
Term
| Drugs to contol trypanosomes |
|
Definition
| Suramin, melarsoprol, pentamidine, elfornithin, DFMO, no vaccine as antigenic variety has not been overcome |
|
|
Term
| Control of tsetse flies through manipulation of habitiat |
|
Definition
| clear trees near rivers, barrier screens, clearance of countryside, including barriers around farms |
|
|
Term
| Control of trypanosomiasis through release of sterile males |
|
Definition
| mate and do not produce offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bilharzia, presence of blood in urine, three main times, S.mansoni, S.Haematobium and S.japonicum, have male and female forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Egg in water, hatches and miracidium swims to find mollusc, emerges from mollusc cercarial larvae, larvae infest vertebrates through skin or ingestion, matures to adult form, lays eggs in vertebrate, eggs expelled through excretion, reach water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mansoni- aadults in veins near small intestine, eggs in faeces
japonicum- adults in veins near colon, eggs in faeces
haematobium- adults in veins near bladder, eggs in urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mansoni - spiked
Haematobium - oval, end spiked
japonicum, oval smooth |
|
|
Term
| Schistosome migration(vertebrate host) |
|
Definition
| Penetration of skin (hair follicle) head of cercaria transforms into schistosomule, which enters circulation and migrates to lungs, and then to heart, where it finds a mate, before both migrate to mesenteric veins |
|
|
Term
| Schistosomes and the immune system |
|
Definition
| camouflage themselves in protein or carbohydrate molecules, can remain in host for 40 years |
|
|
Term
| Changes in local environment to control schistosomia |
|
Definition
| elimination of marshes, swamps and standing water, acceleration of water flow, elimination of unnecessary ditches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scolex, no intestine, proglottids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cysticercus/coracidium(D. latum) |
|
|
Term
| Species of tapeworm that infect humans |
|
Definition
| Diphyllobothrium latum, taenia solium, taenia saginata, hymenolepis nana, taenia asiatica, echinococcus granulosa(intermediate host) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| niclosamide, praziquantel, destrobilation |
|
|
Term
| Diphyllobothrium latum drugs |
|
Definition
| praziquantel or nuclosamide |
|
|
Term
| General features of nematodes |
|
Definition
| cylindrical bodies, tapering anterior and posterior ends, unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical, pseudocoelomate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elastic cuticle, no circular muscles, high internal pressure |
|
|
Term
| Nematodes have _ stages seperated by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nematode larvae that are infectious in the third stage |
|
Definition
| retain the 2nd stage cuticle until they find a suitable host, and they then undergo exsheathment and lose it |
|
|
Term
| Soil transmitted helminths |
|
Definition
Human round worm - Ascaris lumbricoides
Human whipworm - Trichuris tichiura |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes ascariasis, no symptoms in 85% of cases, can cause fever and shortness of breath, followed by abdominal swelling and pain, and diarrhea, 240,000 eggs lain a day by one female, eggs passed out in ascaris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can cause trichuriasis, often no symptoms, abdominal pain, tiredness, bloody diarrhea, 10,000-20,000 eggs laid a day by one female |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eggs ingested, larvae hatch in intestine and enter the crypts of lieberkuhn in the large intestine, go through 4 moults and emerge as adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be given to treat subjects with immunological intestine disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Piperazine (GABA agonist)
Levamisole (cholinergic anogist)
Benzimidazole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eggs stick to the skin, larva develops inside eggs very rapidly, eggs on clothes, bedd sheets etc.can cause appendicitis, can cause itching and restlessness, but mostly harmless |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benzimidazoles, piperazine, need to treat whole family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dog tapeworm, can be passed on to humans, hatch in small intestine, migrate throughout body, invade foetus, predilection to nervous tissues, causes red tracks in skin, hypobiosis, can blind people |
|
|
Term
| Toxocara canis chemotherapy |
|
Definition
| benzimidazoles, control with deworming tablets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
necator americanus
Ancylostoma duodenale
Ancylostoma ceylanicum (animal but matures in man)
A. caninum and A.braziliense larvae cause skin reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can cause pneumonia and anaemia, stunt growth, larvae penetrate skin, normally in feet, cause local inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lavamisole/pyrantel, benzimidazole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| model nematode, short life cycle, self fertilisation, monitor pollution as it stresses them and they produce different enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Why is C/elegans a good model organism |
|
Definition
| easy to maintain homozygous mutant stock, complete cell lineage and genome sequence, plenty of post-genomic studies |
|
|
Term
| C.Elegans cellular defences against stress |
|
Definition
metallothionen - bind heavy metals and make them unavailable
heat shock proteins - unfold or remove damaged proteins
superoxidase dismutase - react with reactives oxygen species and convert them to O2 and water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contracted through eating food, burrow through mucosa, and enterocytes and live in intestine, produce live larvae, disturb the gut, cause inflammation, inappetance and weight loss, new born larvae penetrate muscles causing oedema and swelling, reach adulthood in a day and a half, prevented by properly cooking meat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Trichinella nativa - cold climates
Trichinella britovi - europe
Trichinella spiralis - temperate regions
Trichinella nelsoni - Africa |
|
|
Term
| Trichinella pseudospiralis |
|
Definition
| primarily a bird parasite byt can infect mammals, larvae remain motile and move through muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transferred by mosquitos, adult worms in lymphatics, microfilariae in blood, causes elephantiasis, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Live in nodules under skin, transferred by blackflies, microfilariae live in skin, nodules can also occur in head |
|
|
Term
| Onchocerciasis control program |
|
Definition
| Massive program that almost iradicated Onchocerciasis in africa using mass insecticide |
|
|
Term
| chemotherapy of filarial infections |
|
Definition
No safe effective and cheap drug
Diethylcarbamazine exacerbates disease while killing mf
Ivermevctin takes 15-18 years to cure |
|
|
