Term
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Definition
| type of lymphocyte involved in nonspecific defense, humoral and cellular immunity |
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| forms include helper, cytotoxic, suppressor , and natural killer cells |
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Definition
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Term
| skin,mucous membranes, phagocytosis, inflammation, interferon, fever |
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Definition
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| results from prior exposure to a pathogen, and usually provides future protection |
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Definition
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Definition
| an enzyme that destroys bacteria by dissolving their cell walls, present in sweat, tears, saliva and mucous |
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Definition
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Definition
| sweat, mucous, lysozyme, HCl in stomach |
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Definition
| when a cell surrounds a foreign particle, with pseudopods and engulfs it, enclosing it in a cytoplasmic vesicle called a phagosome |
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Term
| infected with a virus, cells, especially leukocytes secrete proteins called... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bind to surface receptors on a cell and activate second messenger system, the alerted cell then synthesizes proteins to defend it from infection. |
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Term
| proteins syntesized during the interferon's function defend the cell by... |
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Definition
| breaking down viral genes or preventing their replication. |
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Term
| Interferons also activate... |
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Definition
| NK cells and macrophages, which destroy infected cells before they can liberate a swarm of newly replicated viruses. |
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Term
| Activated NK cells can destroy ______ in addition to cells infectred with viruses. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a group of 30 or more globulins that make a powerful contribution to both non specific resistance and specific immunity. |
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Term
| complement proteins are synthesized mainly by the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Complement proteins are found in the ______ in a ______ state. |
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Definition
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Term
| All three pathways of complement activation end with the splitting of ___ in ___ or ___. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| C3a stimulates cells and basophils to secrete histomine and other inflammatory chemicals. |
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Term
| C3a in inflammation also activates and attracts ______ and _______. |
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Definition
| neutrophils and macrophages. |
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Term
| The two key cellular agents of pathogen destruction in inflammation? |
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Definition
| neutrophils and macrophages. |
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Term
| Immune clearance of the complement system |
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Definition
| C3b binds Ag-Ab complexes to red blood cells, and when they circulate through the liver and spleen, the macrophages of those organs strip off the Ag-Ab complexes leaving the RBCs unharmed. |
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Term
| The principle means of clearing foreign antigens from the bloodstream? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does C3b assist phagocytosis in the complement system? |
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Definition
| by opsonization- which coats microbial cells and serves as binding sites for phagocyte attachment. |
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Term
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Definition
| C3b splits another complement protein, C5 into C5a and C5b. |
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Term
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Definition
| joins C3a in its proinflammatory actions |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to enemy cell and then attracks copmlements C6, C7 and C8. This then goes on the bind up to 17 molecules of C9 forming the membrane attack complex. |
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Term
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Definition
| forms a hole in the target cell, cell can no longer maintain homeostasis and ruptures. |
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Term
| What are the three general purposes of inflammation? |
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Definition
1) limit the spread of pathogens and destroy them
2) remove the debris of damaged tissue
3) initiate tissue repair |
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Term
| Four cardinal signs of inflammation? |
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Definition
| redness, pain, swelling and heat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When bacteria is phagosized a pyrogen called ____ is secreted. |
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Definition
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Term
| Interleukin stimulates the anterior hypothalamus to secrete _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ raises the hypothalamic set point for body temperature. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where T cells are "born"? |
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Definition
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Term
| After traveling through blood stream undifferentiated from stem cells, T cells mature into fully functional T cells, where? |
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Definition
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Term
| How T cells become immunocompetent? |
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Definition
| RE cells release thymic hormones that stimulate T cells to develop surface antigen receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| either by clonal detection or anergy, process in which Tcells that failed to recognize RE cells or react to self antigens are eliminated, leaving only T cells that respond to foreign antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
| when self-reactive Tcells die and ,macrophages phagocytize them. |
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Term
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Definition
| when T cells remain alive but inactive |
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Term
| T cells that pass the test move on to the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when T cells multiply and form identical clones, programmed to respond the a particular antigen. |
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Term
| Self tolerant B cells______... |
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Definition
| produce surface receptors for antigens, divede and produce immunocompetent B cell clones. migrate to lymph tissue and blood |
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Term
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Definition
| antibody mediated, produced by B lymphocytes, effective against circulating infections in body fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| employs T cells to kill foreign agently directly, no antibody involved, most effective against intracellular pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| recognized by the body as foreign and capable of inducing a highly specific immune response. |
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Term
| Antibodies/Immunoglobulins |
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Definition
| Glycoproteins molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen which function as antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| they stimulate T and B cell maturation and mitosis |
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Term
| What cells play a role in non specific defense and humoral immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| uses cytotoxic chemical perforin to attack and destroy target cells |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for memory in cellular immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for memory in cellular immunity |
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Term
| Longest living and most numerous T cell, that responds fastest to antigens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What must happen first before a T cell can respond to an antigen? |
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Definition
| antigen must be processed |
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Term
| What are Antigen processing cells? |
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Definition
| leukocytes and macrophages |
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Term
| Where are immunoglobulins found? |
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Definition
| blood plasma, body secretions, and some leukocyte membranes |
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Term
| What are the five classes of Immunoglobulins? |
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Definition
| IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE and IgG |
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Term
| What is the third step of how a T cell works? |
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Definition
| the presentation of the antigen |
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Term
| How are Th and Tc cells activated in the fourth step of how a T cell works? |
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Definition
| they are activated by binding to the processed antigen and the self-protein(MCH) on the cell surface |
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Term
| What are the three final steps of how Tcells work? (steps 5,6,7) |
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Definition
| clonal selection takes place; differentiation of appropriate T cells; destruction of the pathogen |
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Term
| What 2 ways does acquired immunity protect against infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is immunity actively acquired? |
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Definition
| when a person is exposed to infectious agents and immune system responds |
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Term
| How is immunity passively acquired? |
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Definition
| when antibodies are transferred from one person to another |
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