Term
| Vaccines are an example of ________ immunity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE or FALSE
Antibodies received through passive immunity last several years. |
|
Definition
| False (last only several weeks) |
|
|
Term
The pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell differentiates into the: Pick 2
A. Myelocyte
B. Phagocyte
C. Monocyte
D. Lymphocyte |
|
Definition
| A (Myelocyte) & D (Lymphocyte) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Plasma Cells |
|
|
Term
| The platelet circulates for ___ - ___ days. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lifespan of a WBC is ___ - ___ hours in the blood & ___ - ___ days in the tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
It's mainly these TWO things that destroy bad stuff in the tissue:
A. Basophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Macrophages
D. Eosinophils |
|
Definition
B (Neutrophils) & C (Macrophages)
Phagocytes "eating cell" |
|
|
Term
All of the following are predominantly stored in the "Bone Maaarrrrow", EXCEPT:
A. WBC's
B. Platelets
C. Myelocytes
D. Lymphocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lymphocytes are stored in the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE or FALSE
Strep is more likely than staph to spread and cause death. |
|
Definition
| True (immune reaction launches much slower) |
|
|
Term
Inflammation is characterized by:
1. Erythema...
2.
3.
4.
5. |
|
Definition
1. Vasodilation of local blood vessels --> excess blood flow (erythema)
2. Capillary beds become leaky (edema)
3. Interstitial spaces clot (fibrin in the area)
4. Granulocytes & monocytes move in
5. Tissue releases chemicals: histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, prostaglandins, complement system chemicals, blood clotting proteins. --> Additional edema, swelling, capillary leak, & PAIN! |
|
|
Term
| ________ make up 20% of the plasma proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the #1 class of drugs that cause allergic reactions in anesthesia? (Adults) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In children, _______ accounts for the most allergic reactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ accounts for the most fatal anaphylactic drug reactions.
A. Rocuronium
B. Vecuronium
C. Penicillin
D. Vancomycin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 2 most common NDMR allergens: |
|
Definition
1. Rocuronium (Zemuron)
2. Vecuronium (Norcuron) |
|
|
Term
| ________-________ syndrome = A life-threatening drug reaction that can result in exfoliation and subsequent secondary infections. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nonimmune mediated anaphylaxis (anaphylactoid reaction) is different from immunte mediated anaphylaxis, because... |
|
Definition
| This reaction requires NO previous exposure & NO antibody formation. |
|
|
Term
| List the 5 classes of antibodies: |
|
Definition
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, & IgD
(GAMED) |
|
|
Term
The AIDS virus destroys/inactivates the ________.
A. Suppresor T cells
B. Memory cells
C. Helper T cells
D. Cytotoxic T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
These cells serve as regulators of almost every immune function:
A. Suppresor T cells
B. Memory cells
C. Helper T cells
D. Cytotoxic T cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE or FALSE
Instead of attacking the invaders,natural killer cells attack the body's own cells that have become infected by viruses. |
|
Definition
| True (cytotoxic T cells attack the invaders) |
|
|
Term
| Which cell works by secreting a chemical (perforin) that makes holes in the cell membrane of the target cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the 3 events that lead to cardiac collapse and death (r/t Anaphylaxis): |
|
Definition
1. Profound vascular vasodilation
2. Profound loss of intravascular fluid (up to 50% of intravascular fluid volume)
3. Negative inotropy |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 goals for treating LIFE-THREATENING anaphylaxis? |
|
Definition
1. Reversal of arterial hypoxemia
2. Replacement of intravascular volume (1-4 liters of 0.9 NaCl or LR)
3. Cardiovascular support (vasopressors)
4. Inhibit the reaction (Epinephrine!) |
|
|
Term
| 4 treatment goals for NOT life-threatening anaphylaxis? |
|
Definition
1. Oxygen
2. Antihistamines
3. Corticosteroids
4. Beta 2 agonist |
|
|
Term
| 1 example of a histamine 1 blocker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 examples of histamine 2 blocker |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE or FALSE
Angioedema is due to the decrease functional activity of the plasma compliment C-1 esterase inhibitor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Angioedema:
-Attacks last ___-___ hours
-Treatment may be _________
-_____ _____ is the trigger in 40-50% of cases |
|
Definition
Angioedema:
-Attacks last 48-96 hours
-Treatment may be STEROIDS (long term anabolic)
-EMOTIONAL STRESS is the trigger in 40-50% of cases |
|
|
Term
Normal lab values indicate that there is the highest percentage of:
A. Macrophages
B. Neutrophils
C. Eosinphils
D. Basophils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does it mean if the lab values indicate increased monocytes & decreased neutrophils? Is this a problem? |
|
Definition
| Yes, your body is sending out the "babies" |
|
|
Term
| What prevents phagocytes from eating everything? |
|
Definition
1. Natural structures in tissue have smooth surfaces which resist phagocytosis
2. Protective protein coats repel the phagocytes
3. Immune system develops antibodies against invaders which adhere to the invader's membrane & a product of the compliment cascade |
|
|
Term
| All of the monocytes/macrophages are called the ________________ system. |
|
Definition
| Reticuloendothelial system |
|
|
Term
The reticuloendothelial system is virtually in all tissue areas, but the highest concentrations are located where invaders are most likely..
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. |
|
Definition
1. Skin & SQ tissue
2. Lymph nodes
3. Alveolar
4. Liver
5. Spleen & bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Reticuloendothelial system in the skin & SQ tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticuloendothelial system in the lymph nodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticuloendothelial system in the alveloar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticuloendothelial system in the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reticuloendothelial system in the spleen & bone marrow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When an antigen binds to an antibody, a binding site for the _-_ molecule is exposed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With the compliment cascade, once the binding site for the C-1 molecule is exposed, a series of events begins (7): |
|
Definition
1. Phagocytic activity increased --> neutrophils & macrophages eat more bacteria
2. Lysis of the bacterial walls
3. Changes in the surface of the invader, allowing them to adhere to each other
4. Attack viruses
5. Initiate chemotaxis
6. Activate mast & basophil cells --> increases local blood flow
7. Contribute to local inflammation |
|
|
Term
Helper T cells: (select all that apply)
A. Serve as regulators of almost every immune function
B. Suppress the T cell activity
C. Turn on the B cell
D. "Remember" an antigen exposure |
|
Definition
| A. Serve as regulators of almost every immune function & C. Turn on the B cell |
|
|
Term
Allergies occur when people with very high quantities of ___ antibodies.
A. IgD
B. IgA
C. IgG
D. IgE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With allergies, IgE antibodies attach to:
A. Mast cells & basophils
B. Mast cells & neutrophils
C. Basophils & neutrophils
D. Basophils & eosinophils |
|
Definition
| A. Mast cells & basophils |
|
|
Term
| _______ produces vasodilation & makes capillary walls leaky. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Immune mediated anaphylaxis
-60% of reactions occur due to ___ antibody formation
-Initial symptoms occur in ___ minutes, 1st symptoms are usually ______ & ______ |
|
Definition
Immune mediated anaphylaxis
-60% of reactions occur due to IgE antibody formation
-Initial symptoms occur in 10 minutes, 1st symptoms are usually rash & urticaria |
|
|
Term
| With immune mediated anaphylaxis, a second or subsequent exposure results in massive degranulation of mast cells & basophils, which contain ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE or FALSE
It is only necessary to give either an H1 specific blocker or an H2 specific blocker. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do H1/H2 blockers work? |
|
Definition
| By competing for the binding sites |
|
|
Term
Life threatening manifestations of anaphylaxis or anaphlyactoid reactions can lead to...
1.
2.
3. |
|
Definition
1. Cardiovascular collapse
2. Bronchospasm
3. Interstitial edema (airway edema) |
|
|
Term
| A reaction to latex typically presents in ___ minutes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
High risk for latex allergy includes those with the following:
A. Health care workers
B. Intolerance to latex based products (i.e., dental dams)
C. Allergy to tropical fruit
D. History of hay fever, eczema, rhinitis, asthma
E. Spina bifida
F. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ makes sure the T lymphocytes do not react to the body tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TRUE or FALSE
B lymphocytes are even more diverse than T lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes originate where? |
|
Definition
| in the embryonic lymphocyte-comitted stem cells in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytes travel where to develop there diversity for reacting against specific antigens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organ determines which T lymphocytes are released? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B lymphocytes are processed where? |
|
Definition
| the liver and bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Where do lymphocytes like to hang out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of cell is more active, B or T lymphocyte? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T-lymphocytes form what in response to an antigen? |
|
Definition
| substances & T helper cells |
|
|
Term
| T-helper cells (produced by T-lymphocytes) activate what type of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells hang out in the bone marrow? |
|
Definition
| Myelocytes (WBCs except lymphocytes,and platelets are also stored in the bonemarrow |
|
|
Term
| What lab finding is diagnostic of a parasitic infection? |
|
Definition
| substantial increase in eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| What type of cell contains heparin, histamine, bradykinin, and seratonin (all of which play a role in allergic reactions)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large gamma globulins called immunoglobulins- once attached to the antigen |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways antibodies attack antigens? (all of which are slow processes) |
|
Definition
1. precipitation- by clumping or pulling so many together (agglutination), making them become insoluble
2. neutralization-by covering the toxic sites on the antigen
3. Lysis- rupture teh cell wall of teh antigen |
|
|
Term
| Binding of an antigen to an antibody results in what? |
|
Definition
| exposure of the C-1 binding site, and initiation of the compliment cascade |
|
|
Term
| killer cells are also known as? |
|
Definition
| cytotoxic T cells (a type of T lymphocyte) -destroy invaders |
|
|
Term
| What type of T lymphocytes keeps the others in check? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulate almost every immune function, including activating the B cell. They do this by use of lymphokine mediators |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of lymphokine mediators? |
|
Definition
1. Interleukin 1,2,3,4,5,6
2. Interferon
3. Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor |
|
|
Term
| Role of Natural killer cells? |
|
Definition
| Attacks body's own cells that are infected by viruses, attack potential cancer cells- by using an antibody bridge & secreting perforin that makes holes in the cell allowing water (& calcium-may trigger apoptisis)to rush into the cell inducing osmotic swelling. |
|
|
Term
| H1 and H2 receptors are prolific where? |
|
Definition
| bronchial and vascular smooth muscle; role in vascular vasodilation, capillary permeability, and bronchoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| Epi dose for anaphylaxis? |
|
Definition
10-100mgc IV, doubled & repeated every 1-2 minutes until systemic BP is restored
subcutaneous dose- 0.3 to 0.5 mg of 1:1000 solution |
|
|
Term
| Drug used for anaphylaxis unresponsive to EPI? |
|
Definition
| vasopressin 2-10mcg (or could start Levo drip) |
|
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