Term
| When dos the immune response occur? |
|
Definition
| after the inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| How are the immune and inflammatory responses different? |
|
Definition
| the immune response is programmed to defend against a specific target where the inflammatory response is not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any foreign material capable of causing an immune response (bacteria, viruses, parasites) |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the inflammatory response becomes chronic? |
|
Definition
| the immune response kicks in |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary cells of the immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are lymphocytes located? (3) |
|
Definition
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| Where are lymphocytes made? |
|
Definition
| made by stem cells in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do lymphocytes or neutrophils have a longer lifespan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do macrophages do during the immune response? |
|
Definition
| scavenge and digest antigen |
|
|
Term
| What do the macrophages have on their cell surface? |
|
Definition
| receptors that hold and present foreign antigens to lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Where do the macrophage receptors present antigens to the lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does presentation of the antigen to the lymphocytes do? |
|
Definition
| it stimulates then to travel to the injury site |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major types of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the third type of lymphocyte? |
|
Definition
| natural killer cells, act like more macrophages & PMN's |
|
|
Term
| Are natural killer cells specific in what they attack? |
|
Definition
| no, thats why they are not like lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| How much of the total WBC do lymphocytes make up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are B-cells made from? |
|
Definition
| developed by fetal bone marrow and then spreads to other lymph tissues |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of B-cels? |
|
Definition
-plasma cell
-B memory cell |
|
|
Term
| When does a B cell become a plasma cell? |
|
Definition
| when it is stimulated by antigens and make antibodies specific for that antigen |
|
|
Term
| What do B memory cells do? |
|
Definition
| linger in the body and react quickly if the antigen appears again |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates plasma cells to divide? What does this do? |
|
Definition
| process of b cell activation, this increases the amount of antibodies produced |
|
|
Term
| What is also stimulated to make more B cells? Why? |
|
Definition
| bone marrow, to help with antibody production |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take to build up enough antibodies to neutralize an antigen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long to plasma cells live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long do memory cells live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 types of immunoglobins? |
|
Definition
1. IgG
2. IgA
3. IgM
4. IgD & IgE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-most common(75%)
-small molecule in tissue and circulation
-can cross placenta
-confers long term immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-15% of total
-found in saliva, tears, GI mucosa, respiratory tract, and breast milk
-protects from inhaled and ingested antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-10% of total
-large molecules
-form quickly after antigen challenged
-provide quick, short-term protection
-are replaced by IgG antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-less than 1%
-do not circulate |
|
|
Term
| Where are IgD cells found? What do they do? |
|
Definition
| found on surface of B cells and serves as a receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to receptors on Mast cells during allergic reactions |
|
|
Term
| Antibodies combine with antigen to form... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an immune complex do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are immune complexes effective against? |
|
Definition
| effective against free antigen, cannot interact with host cells that are infected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the immune system become less effective over time? |
|
Definition
| because they thymus shrinks |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main roles of T cells? |
|
Definition
-programmed to recognize and attach specific antigens
-modulate B cell antibody production by either encouraging or restrining |
|
|
Term
| What are the T cells programmed to reconize and attack specific antigens? (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the T cells that modulate B cell antibody production by either encouraging or restraining it? (2) |
|
Definition
-t helper
-CD4 and T suppressor |
|
|
Term
| What do T memory cells do? |
|
Definition
| mount a rapid response next time the antigen appears |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of lymphocytes made by stem cells? |
|
Definition
-T lymphocyte
-B lymphocyte |
|
|
Term
| What type of response does the T lymphocyte cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the B lynphocyte produce? What kind of response does this cause? |
|
Definition
| produces plasma cell, causes humoral response |
|
|
Term
| What is the humeral response? |
|
Definition
| involves B cells reacting directly with freely circulating antigen |
|
|
Term
| What happens to antibodies in a humeral response? |
|
Definition
| they are secreted into circulation where they bind |
|
|
Term
| Why is the humeral response called "humeral"? |
|
Definition
| after old belief that humors were circulating in the blood and causing disease |
|
|
Term
| What responses involve the T cells? |
|
Definition
| cellular immunity or cell-mediated |
|
|
Term
| What antigens do the T cells react to? |
|
Definition
| ONLY the ones presented to them by macrophage, not the ones freely circulating like the B cell does |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for cell-mediated or cell immunity? Why? |
|
Definition
| delayed immunity, because it takes longed thn the B cell reaction |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of immunity? |
|
Definition
-passive immunity
-active immunity |
|
|
Term
| What is passive immunity? |
|
Definition
| -uses antibodies produced by another |
|
|
Term
| What is an examples of natural and acquired passive immunity? |
|
Definition
-natural: placenta, mother's milk
-acquired or artificial: immune serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the body makes it's own antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of natural and acquired active immunity? |
|
Definition
-natural: Contact with the disease
-acquired or artificial: vaccine |
|
|
Term
| What do T cells do to B cells when they finish their job? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a hypersensitivity or allergic reaction? |
|
Definition
| an exaggerated response to an antigen |
|
|
Term
| What is an autoimmune disease? |
|
Definition
| body treats own cells like they are antigens |
|
|
Term
| What is an immunodeficiency? |
|
Definition
| involves a deficiency in the function or interrelationships of WBC and their products |
|
|
Term
| What does the response in a hypersensitivity reaction do? |
|
Definition
| responses to allergens that cause tissue destruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antigens that are commonly considered harmless |
|
|
Term
| How can exposure to an allergen occur? Are the symptoms of an allergic reaction local or systemin? |
|
Definition
-inhalation
-ingestion
-injection
-physical contact
*8can be local or systemic** |
|
|
Term
| What is the Type I allergic reaction called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How fast does a Type I hypersensitivity reaction occur? Does it occur to a new antigen? |
|
Definition
-occurs quickly, withing minutes
-no, it occurs to a previously exposed antigen |
|
|
Term
| What kind of antibodies are made by plasma cells in a Type I allergic reaction? What is released as a result of this? |
|
Definition
-plasma cells make IgE antibodies
-histamine is released |
|
|
Term
| What does the histamine released in a Type I allergic reaction cause? |
|
Definition
| causes dilation of blood vessels and constriction of bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a Type I allergic reaction? |
|
Definition
| hay fever, asthma, anaphylaxis, uticaria (hives, pruritus(itching) |
|
|
Term
| What is the type II allergic reaction called? |
|
Definition
| antibody mediated , it is a case of "mistaken identity" |
|
|
Term
| What happens in a Type II response? |
|
Definition
-an immune response mounted against harmless cells
-antigen attaches to cell surface, antibodies bind to antigen and set off a reaction |
|
|
Term
| What can cause Type II reations? |
|
Definition
| blood transfusions, hemolytic disease of newbor(parents have opposing types of bloods, mother's antiboides pass placenta and attach baby's blood) , and in certain drug reactions |
|
|
Term
| What is a type III reaction casued? What happens in this reaction? |
|
Definition
| Immune complex-mediated, the antigen and antibody form an immune complex |
|
|
Term
| What basically happens in a type III reaction? |
|
Definition
| the antigen and antibody fight and tumble around causing inflammation and scar tissue, in the end the antibody explodes the antigen or a macrophage eats it |
|
|
Term
| What are the sites where these complexes get deposited? |
|
Definition
-kidneys
-joints
-heart
-small blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is the Type IV allergy called? What is this reaction? |
|
Definition
| delayed, T cell mediated reaction instead of B cell, the T cells react to the antigen presented to them |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 phases of a Type IV reaction? |
|
Definition
1.Sensitzation Phase
2.Elicitation Phase |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the Sensitzation Phase? |
|
Definition
| antigen penetrates the skin, taken to near by lymph node, memory cells produced and become local to site |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the elicitation phase? |
|
Definition
| memory T cells are stimulated at subsequent exposure, local inflammatory response occurs |
|
|
Term
| How long does the type IV(delayed) response take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of a type IV reaction? |
|
Definition
-positive TB skin test
-poison ivy
-graft or organ rejection |
|
|
Term
| WHY is the type IV reaction delayed? |
|
Definition
| because the T-cell have to get the antigen presented to them by macrophage before they can attack |
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