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Immunity and inflammation
Patho Test 2
59
Pathology
Undergraduate 1
02/20/2012

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Cards

Term
Innate immunity
Definition

§  Requires no previous exposure to effectively respond to antigen

§  NK cells

§  Phagocytic cells

·         Neutrophils

·         macrophages

Term
Adaptive immunity
Definition

§  Respond more effectively to 2nd exposure

§  Highly restricted in ability to recognize antigens

§  B and T lymphocyes

Term
Where do T-cells mature?
Definition
Thymus
Term
Where do B-cells mature?
Definition
Bone marow
Term
What occurs in the lymph nodes?
Definition

§  Contains large numbers of B cells, T cells, and macrophages

§  Lymph fluid flows through for immune cells to filter, detect, and react to foreign material 

Term
Primary organs in immune system
Definition

§  Bone marrow: produce cells, location of B cell maturation

§  Thymus: location of T cell maturation

Term
Secondary organs in immune system
Definition

§  Tonsils

·         Located in mouth and pharynx

·         Most likely to encounter microorganisms because of strategic location

§  Spleen

·         Located under diaphragm on left side of body

·         Macrophages in red pulp

o   Filter our foreign substances and old red blood cells

·         Lymphocytes in white pulp

o   Contact blood-borne antigens, then may migrate to other lymphoid organs for increased defense

§  Lymph nodes and lymphatics

§  Peyer patches

·         Produce antibodies to microorganisms that invade mucosal tissue

·         Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

·         Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

Term
Agranulocytes
Definition

§  Monocytes

§  Lymphocytes 

Term
Granulocytes
Definition

§  Basophils

§  Neutrophils

§  Eosinophils 

Term
Which are macrophages?
Definition

o   Monocytes (immature, become macrophages (dendritic cells) in tissues

o   Neutrophils

o   Eosinophils  

Term
Which are lymphocytes
Definition

o   B and T cells, NK cells 

Term
What is required for a macrophage to engulf an offender?
Definition

o   Antigen presentation

§  Detected by surface receptors:

·         Antibodies

·         Cytokines

·         Selectin/integrin

o   Adhesion molecules

·         Complement

·         Toll-like receptors detect foreign patterns 

Term
What do neutrophils primarily respond to?
Definition
Attracted to areas of inflammation and bacterial products by chemotactic factors
Term
what do eosinophils primarily respond to?
Definition

o   Allergic reactions and intestinal parasite infections

Term
Basophils
Definition

§  Structurally similar to mast cells

§  Mature basophils circulate in vascular system (can migrate to connective tissue, but don’t reenter bloodstream)

Term
Mast cells
Definition

§  Found in connective tissue

§  Live for weeks to months

Term
Degranulation of basophils and mast cells
Definition

§  Cells release granules (contains histamine, platelet-activating factor, and other vasoactive amines)

§  Begins inflammatory response associated with allergic reactions

§  Involved with wound healing and chronic inflammatory conditions

Term
What is the role of cytokines secreted by macrophages?
Definition
Induce inflammation and chemotaxis
Term
NK cells as lymphocytes
Definition

o   Associated with innate immunity, can respond without prior exposure

Term
CD4+ T cells (Th cells): what do they do?
Definition

o   Interact with antigens presented on the surface of specialized antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Then they secrete cytokines to activate other T cells, macrophages, B cell proliferation and antibody production.

Term
CD8+ T cells (CTL cells): how do they induce cell death?
Definition

o   Administer a lethal hit to offenders by activating rapid DNA defragmentation and nuclear collapse→Apoptosis



 

Term
Perforins
Definition

§  Proteins manufactured in cytotoxic T cells

§  Create pores in target cell membrane, allows for granzymes to degrade DNA and induce apoptosis 

Term
Epitope + Ag and fitting together
Definition

o   Epitope is the surface on an antigen that is recognized by immune system which stimulates the immune response.

Term
Complement cascade (2 types)
Definition

o   Classical pathway: initiated by an adaptive response (Ag/Ab complex)

o   Alternative pathway: initiated by an innate response, starts at C3 

Term
MAC--how does it induce cell death?
Definition

o   Membrane Attack Complex: combination of activated molecules that form a hole in target cell which causes an inflow of sodium and water, resulting in cell rupture

Term
Purpose of inflammation (3) 
Definition

o   Neutralize and destroy invading and harmful agents

o   Limit spread of harmful agents to other tissue

o   Prepare damaged tissue for repair


Term
Clinical signs of inflammation (5)
Definition

o   Redness

o   Swelling

o   Heat

o   Pain

o   Loss of function

Term
What is the role of vasodilation in inflammation?
Definition

o   Increase vascular permeability to allow WBC to spread out

Term
3 players in healing
Definition

o   Fibroblasts: stimulated to make collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin to enduce repair of damage

o   Endothelial cells

o   Myofibroblasts

Term
4 kinds of exudates
Definition
  • Serous exudate (serosanguineous drainage)
  • Fibrinous exudate (sticky, thick)
  • Purulent exudate (pus)
  • Hemorrhagic exudate (RBCs mixed in with serous fluid; can be a sign of severe inflammation)
Term
What is MHC and why is it important?
Definition

o   Proteins on the surface of membranes that display or “present” antigens

o   Allows the immune system to know what is “self”

Term
Antibodies: what do they do?
Definition

o   Precipitation

o   Agglutination

o   Neutralization

o   Opsonization

o   Complement activation

o   Each arm of immunoglobulin Y structure can bind an antigenic epitope

o   Allows antibodies and antigens to bind together into large insoluble complexes that precipitate out of body fluids

o   Can function as antitoxins

§  Neutralize bacterial toxin

Term
IgG
Definition

§  Most common type, 75-90%

§  Smallest

§  Easily escapes bloodstream to enter interstitial fluid

§  Neutralizes toxins, binds and facilitates destruction of bacteria

Term
IgM
Definition

§  10%

§  Large pentamers

·         Mostly found in intravascular pool; cannot penetrate capillary wall

§  First to be produced on exposure to antigens or after immunization

§  Major antibody found on B-cell surfaces

§  Works best to activate complement

Term
IgA (secretions)
Definition

§  Produced by plasma cells located in tissue under skin/mucous membranes

§  Primarily found in saliva, tears, teacheobronchial SECRETIONS, colostrums, breast milk, and GI/GU secretions

§  Secretory IgA

·         Complex made by binding to secretory compeonent produced by epithelial cells; secretory component prevents proteolysis

·         Allows transport of IgA into secretions

Term
IgD
Definition

Know it has something to do with B cells

§  Found in tiny amounts in serum

§  Located primarily on B cell membranes (with IgM)

§  Thought to be cellular antigen receptor that acts to stimulate B cell to:

·         Multiply

·         Differentiate

·         Secrete other specific immunoglobulins

Term
IgE
Definition
Inflammatory and allergic reactions
Term
Passive immunity
Definition
transfer of plasma containing preformed antibodies against specific antigen from a protected or immunized individual to an unprotected or nonimmunized individual
Term
Active immunity
Definition
a protected state owing to the body’s immune response as a result of active infection or immunization
Term
Antigen
Definition
Protein that is foreign to the body
Term
Defensins
Definition

o   Antimicrobial peptides produced by skin epithelium that can kill a wide variety of bacteria and fungi 

Term
Cryptocidins
Definition
Bactericidal peptide produced by intestinal epithelium
Term
Kupffer cells
Definition
Macrophages in the liver
Term
Langerhans cells
Definition
Macrophages in the skin
Term
Dendritic cells
Definition
Basically macrophages in tissue (skin, thymus and lymphoid follicles)
Term
Macrophages
Definition
Responsible for phagocytosis, capable of ingesting large molecules. Cleans up dead cells.
Term
Neutrophilia
Definition

o   Increase in circulating neutrophils

Term
Shift to the left
Definition

o   A shift in amount of mature and immature neutrophils, shift to the left means going from normal (95% mature and 5% immature) to abnormal (85% mature and 15% immature) seen in acute bacterial infections

Term
Selectin
Definition

o   Adhesion molecules on macrophages, aid in sticking to capillary walls and entering/moving through tissue

Term
Arachidonic acid
Definition

o   In every cell membrane. when there is damage pathway is initiated and inflammation occurs

Term
Epitope
Definition

o   Epitope is the surface on an antigen that is recognized by immune system which stimulates the immune response.

Term
Plasma cells
Definition
Antibody producing cells, product of an activated B cell
Term
Kinins
Definition
activate powerful vasodilation
Term
Diapedesis
Definition
the process of WBC "escaping" blood vessels into interstitial space
Term
Opsonization
Definition
process of antibodies binding to foreign cell making it easier to be phagocytized
Term
Marginzation/Pavementing
Definition
Leukocytes moving through vessel walls into tissue
Term
Acute inflammation
Definition

§  Acute:

·         short in duration, lasting less than 2 weeks

·         involves a discrete set of events


Term
Chronic inflammation
Definition

§  Chronic:

·         More diffuse

·         Extends over longer period

·         May result in scar tissue formation or deformity 

Term
Inflammatory Exudates
Definition
  • "Cleaning Up"
  • Transport leukocytes and antibodies
  • Dilute toxins and irritating substances
  • Transport nutrients for tissue repair
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