Term
| What is the role of the immune system? |
|
Definition
| to protect the body from infection and disease |
|
|
Term
| How does the immune system protect the body from infections? |
|
Definition
| layered defenses of increased specificity |
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|
Term
| WHat can cause improper functioning of the immune system leading to infection and disease? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| PRovides an immediate, but non-specific response |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The _____ immune system is activated by the innate response |
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Definition
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Term
| Adaptive immune system is also known as |
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Definition
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Term
| The immune system adapts its resposne during an infection to ______ recognition of the pathogen |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the first line of defense against pathogens |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immune system is non-specific and non-adaptive |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is an example of the innate immune system |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of acquired immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of acquired immunity |
|
Definition
| recognize and destroy pathogens, prevent proliferation of foreign materials within the body |
|
|
Term
| How does acquired immunity learn? |
|
Definition
| exposures are coded within the sysem for all future attacks by that specific pathogen |
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Term
| Why is it important acquired immunity learns |
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Definition
| so that subsequent pathogen attacks will be thwarted with a faster, stronger response |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of acquired immunity? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does active acquired immunity last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protectoin acquired by the introduction of an antigen |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| component of a pathogen that initiaties an immune response |
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Term
| What is an example of a active acquired immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When antibodies, or sensitized lymphocytes, are transferred from one person to another |
|
Definition
| passive acquired immunity |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of passive acquired immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does passive acquired immunity last |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the immune system |
|
Definition
| antigen, antibody, major histocompatibility complex |
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|
Term
| A foreign substance whose cell surface markers does not match the host's cell |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Viruses, bacteria, parasites, foreign tissues cells, large protein molecules can be considered |
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Definition
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Term
| Antigens are capable of eliciting a _____ response |
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Definition
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Term
| What are other names for anitobides |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| proteins found in the blood or other bodily fluids |
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Term
| What is the role of antibodies |
|
Definition
| identify and neutralize foreign objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| proteins present on the surface of all body cells |
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|
Term
| What is the role of host cell markers |
|
Definition
| prevent antibodies from attacking our own cells |
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|
Term
| Why is it important to have host cell markers and antigens? |
|
Definition
| so that the body's immune response can attack one and not the other |
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|
Term
| What are some other examples of external innate immunity |
|
Definition
| lysozymes in tears, ear wax |
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|
Term
| If the 1st line of exterior defenses is breached what other mechanisms exist to defend |
|
Definition
| acidic secretions, lysozymes, phagocytes, natural killer cells |
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|
Term
| How do acidic secretions defend |
|
Definition
| create an unfavorable pH environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| destroy cell walls of bacteria |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| destroy and engulf foreign material |
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|
Term
| How do natural killer cells defend |
|
Definition
| destroy virus infected and tumor cells |
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|
Term
| What are the most common phagocytes |
|
Definition
| macropahges, neutrophils, monocytes |
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|
Term
| What are other types of phagocytes |
|
Definition
| eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes |
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|
Term
| Where do phagocytes come from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| After the pathogen is digested by the phagocyte what happens? |
|
Definition
| antigenic material appears on the surface of the phagocyte |
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|
Term
| Why is it important that the antigenic material appears on the phagocyte surface? |
|
Definition
| to identify the antigen to lymphocytes for future exposures |
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|
Term
| What causes activation the complement system and interferon? |
|
Definition
| microogranigms makes it beyond the body's first line of defenses |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the complement system |
|
Definition
| assists immune cells so that microorganisms can be more easily destroyed |
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|
Term
| How does the complement system assist immune cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The complement system _________ _______the microorganism so it cannot spread its infection |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps act as mesenger between the immune system and other body systems to help coordinate immune responses |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What interferes with viral replication within host cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are natural killer cells found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are natural killer cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are teh two types of acquired immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humoral immunity is also referred to as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The humoral immunity response is mediated by anitbodies present in the body's different... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of humoral secretions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are B-cells created? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are B-cells most effective at? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are B-cells most effective at destroying? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humoral Immunity Reaction: Step 1 |
|
Definition
| B-cell recognizes specific antigen or foreign cell |
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|
Term
| Humoral Immunity Reaction: Step 2 |
|
Definition
| B-cell changes into a protein synthesizing cell |
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|
Term
| The B-cell changes into a protein sythesizing cell known as what? |
|
Definition
| plasma cell, memory B-cell |
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|
Term
| Humoral Immunity Reaction: Step 3 |
|
Definition
| Plasma cell secretes a specific antibody to that antigen |
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|
Term
| What do the plasma cells do? |
|
Definition
| very strong, specific attack on a known antigen in future exposures |
|
|
Term
| How many types of antibodies do plasma cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 antibodies plasma cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell-Mediated Immunity involves what kind of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T-lymphocytes mature where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of T-lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| seek out and destroy organisms that hide within the body |
|
|
Term
| Which cells can also turn on and turn off the immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T-Helper Cells: Function 1 |
|
Definition
| Assist B-cells to mature and produce antibodies |
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|
Term
| T-Helper Cells: Function 2 |
|
Definition
| Help activate macrophages and help destroy large bacteria |
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|
Term
| T-Helper Cells: Function 3 |
|
Definition
| Help otehr T-cells recgonize and destroy virally infected cells |
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|
Term
| T-Helper Cells: Function 4 |
|
Definition
| Help NK cells to kill infected cells |
|
|
Term
| WHat are the 2 types of T-cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV inactivates which T-cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other conditions that affect T-cell numbers or effectiveness: 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other conditions that affect T-cell numbers or effectiveness: 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other conditions that affect T-cell numbers or effectiveness: 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other conditions that affect T-cell numbers or effectiveness: 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other conditions that affect T-cell numbers or effectiveness: 5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other conditions that affect T-cell numbers or effectiveness: 6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other conditions that affect T-cell numbers or effectiveness: 7 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other conditions that affect T-cell numbers or effectiveness: 8 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immune system is responsible for rejection of transplanted tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immune system is responsible for delayed hypersensitivity reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immune system is responsible for some auto-immune diseases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immune system is responsible for many skin tests such as TB, allergen test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immune Reponse: Step 1: The antigen must make it past the body's first line of defense... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immune Response: Step 2: If the antigen makes it past the body's innate immunity the B-cells may recognize it as a bacteria and produce antibodies that bind to it and neutralize it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immune Response: Step 2: If the antigen makes it past the body's innate immunity the B-cells may recognize it as a bacteria and produce antibodies that bind to it and neutralize it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immune Reponse: Step 4: In the case of a viral intruder, cytotoxic ____-cells recognize and destroy the bacteria |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Immune Response Step 5: The ______ system recognizes and destroys the invading organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 features of innate immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 features of acquired immunity |
|
Definition
| active, passive, specific, memory |
|
|
Term
| Features of Humoral Immune Reponse |
|
Definition
| found in bodily fluids, involves B-cells, find free-floating antigens, B-cells change to plasma or memory cells |
|
|
Term
| Feature of cell-mediated immune response |
|
Definition
| involves T-cells, finds hidden antigens, T-helper cells, killer t-cells |
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|
Term
| Effects of Aging: Changes in Innate Immunity: 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of Aging: Changes in Innate Immunity: 2 |
|
Definition
| decresaed acidity of the GI tract |
|
|
Term
| Effects of Aging: Changes in Innate Immunity: 3 |
|
Definition
| decreased air exchange due to shallower breathing |
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|
Term
| Effects of Aging: Changes in Innate Immunity: 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of Aging: Changes in Innate Immunity: 5 |
|
Definition
| less elastic bladder, resulting in urinary retention |
|
|
Term
| Effects of Aging: Changes in Innate Immunity: 6 |
|
Definition
| less effective resposnes of phagocytes, NK |
|
|
Term
| Effects of Aging: Changes in Acquired Immunity: 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At age 50 how much has the thymus shrunk by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens due to involution of the thymus? |
|
Definition
| more ineffective functioning and decreased production of T-cells |
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|
Term
| Effects of Aging: Changes in Acquired Immunity: 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do gene mutations do to acquired immunity? |
|
Definition
| interfere with hormones, tumor necrosis factor, intereferon |
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|
Term
| Effects of Aging: Changes in Acquired Immunity: 3 |
|
Definition
| fewer celsl are available to mediate the immune reaction |
|
|
Term
| What happens as a result of fewer cells being availabe to mediate the immune reaction? |
|
Definition
| dormant infection may become active |
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|
Term
| Factors Affecting Immune Response: 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Immune Response: 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Immune Response: 3 |
|
Definition
| presence of chornic illness |
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Immune Response: 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Immune Response: 5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Immune Response: 6 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors Affecting Immune Response: 7 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Physical activity has both + and - effects on teh immune system depending on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What intensity exercise has been show to neutralize deletrious effects of stress on the immune system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ exercise during _______ inflammation should be avoided? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can high intensity exercise impair the immune response? |
|
Definition
| decreases the number and effectiveness of important cells |
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|
Term
| If the athlete's symptoms are above the neck then the person |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If teh symptoms are below the neck then |
|
Definition
| exercise should be avoided |
|
|
Term
| Immunodeficiency Diseases are a result of |
|
Definition
| absent, impaired immune response |
|
|
Term
| Primary immunodeficinecy diseases consist of a defect involving.. |
|
Definition
| T-cells, B-cells, or lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| Primary immunodeficiency diseases are often |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary immunodeficiency results from... |
|
Definition
| altered or impaired immune response |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of secondary immunodeficiency diseases? |
|
Definition
| leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, AIDS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does AIDS begin with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat does the HIV retrovirus affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The HIV retrovirus affecting the T4 Helper lymphocytes leads to what? |
|
Definition
| progressive destruction of the cell mediated immunity, changes in humoral immunity and autoimmunity |
|
|
Term
| Which cells are progressively destroyed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What CD4 cell count results in an elevated viral load, opportunistic infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what T-cell count does the HIV infection become considered AIDS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered teh asymptomatic pahse of HIV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat is considered the early symptomatic phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some symptoms of the early symptomatic phase of HIV? |
|
Definition
| fatigue, night asweats, anorexia, fever |
|
|
Term
| What neurlogic manifestations are present with HIV and AIDS? |
|
Definition
| CNS, PNS, ANS, severe dementia, paraplegia |
|
|
Term
| PT's role in ptnts with HIV/AIDS |
|
Definition
| ddress and maximize endurance, strength, functional performance |
|
|
Term
| Pt's role in ptnts with HIV/AIDS: part 2 |
|
Definition
| wound care, treating neurologic musculoskeletal dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What has been shown to increase the CD4 count in earlier stages of HIV/AIDS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many types of hypersensitivity disorders exist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are hypersensitivity disorders usually a result of? |
|
Definition
| increased immune response to an antigen, resulting in tissue destruction |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in Type 1 HD? |
|
Definition
| IgE is produced instead of IgG |
|
|
Term
| What happens as a result of IgE, not IgG, meeting the pathogen? |
|
Definition
| immediate inflammatory response is inititated, including the release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type 1 HD: What occurs if the response is widespread? |
|
Definition
| systemic release of histamine |
|
|
Term
| Systemic release of histamine results in what? |
|
Definition
| vasodilation, bronchospasm, increased mucus secretion, edema |
|
|
Term
| System release of hystamine is also known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can counter anaphylaxis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are other exampels of type 1 HD? |
|
Definition
| hay fever, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, extrnisic asthma |
|
|
Term
| What does type 2 HD involve? |
|
Definition
| destruction of own tissue and cells because the body recognizes it as foreign |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of Type 2 HD? |
|
Definition
| blood transfusion rejection, Guillian-Barre syndrome attacking the PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local tissue injury and acute inflammation caused by deposition of immune complexes in tissue and around small blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Type 3 HD: Vasculitis effects: Skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type 3 HD: Vasculitis effects: Joints |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type 3 HD: Vasculitis effects: Kidneys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type 3 HD: Vasculitis effects: Pleura |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type 3 HD: Vasculitis effects: Percardium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delayed hypersensitivity that occurs after contact with an allergen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exposure to poison ivy, latex allergy, TB test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic inflammatory auto-immune disorder that is characterized by multiple system invovlement |
|
|
Term
| Lupus is what type of a HD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunologic, hereditary, environmental, hormnal influences |
|
|
Term
| Lupus causes what sourt of reaction? |
|
Definition
| vasculitis in multiple organs |
|
|
Term
| Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a landmark symptom of Lupus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major focus for a PT and their Lupus patient? |
|
Definition
| balance between sufficient rest and activity |
|
|
Term
| PTI and ptnts with most disorders/diseases |
|
Definition
| addressing patient's functional limitations |
|
|
Term
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Person colonized with MRSA has... |
|
Definition
| hosts bacteria but does not feel sick |
|
|
Term
| How can MRSA cause disease? |
|
Definition
| tissue invasion and its toxins |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the toxins produced by MRSA? |
|
Definition
| exert the effects of this disease at sites distant from infection and colonizaiton |
|
|
Term
| How to deal with a ptnt who has MRSA |
|
Definition
| universal precautions, wash hands frequently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H1N1 is what sort of virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| H1N1 contains genes from what flu viruses? |
|
Definition
| Pigs from Europe and Asia, Avian, and human |
|
|
Term
| How long should one wait to leave their home after fever from H1N1 subsides? |
|
Definition
|
|
