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Immune System Lecture
Basic Immune System questions
40
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
02/26/2011

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Term
3 Functions of the Lymphatic system
Definition
1.return fluid that leaks out of capillaries 2.transports fats absorbed by digestive system 3.to assist the bodies immune system.
Term
Heirarchy of Lymphatic Blood Vessels
Definition
start with lymph capillaries--->lymph vessels ---->lymph nodes ----->lymph trunks ---> Lymph ducts----> subclavian veins
Term
Lymphatic Ducts and where they drain
Definition
The right lymphatic duct drains the right upper extremitiy and the left thoracic duct drains all the lower extremites and the left upper extremity
Term
cisterna chyli
Definition
expanded portion of the left thoracic duct in the abdominal cavity
Term
Hydrostatic pressure
Definition
forces fluid out of capillary
Term
Osmotic pressure
Definition
draws
fluid back into the capillary
Term
lymphatic organs include...
Definition
thymus gland
tonsils -palantine, lingual, pharyngeal
spleen - red and white pulp
lymph nodes
Term
Non Specific Immunity
Definition
includes processes that take place in the body without specifically recognizing the invading microorganism
Term
Epidermis function during non specific immunity
Definition
dead bacteria on skin release compounds that are toxic to other microorganisms - in some cases its better to not wash them off.
Term
Acidity of Stomach function during non specific immunity
Definition
pH often < 2, destroys many microorganisms
Term
macrophage cells in non specific immunity functions
Definition
recognize foreign particles in general and engulf them by phagocytosis and release proteolytic enzymes to digest the foreign material
Term
kinds of macrophages (5) and locations
Definition
Histiocytes - search loose connective tissue.
Recticular cells in lymphatic tissue
Alveolar macrophages -Lungs
Kupffer cells - Liver
Microglial cells - CNS
Term
Interferon (non specific immunity)
Definition
discovered in 1950s, this compound was isolated from viral infected cells and gives short acting non specific immunity to adjacent cells
Term
Endogenous pyrogens (non specific immunity)
Definition
chemicals (probably interlukin-1)secreted by WBC in response to cell wall fragments of gram negative bacteria.
Term
Endogenous pyrogens (what do they do?) effects
Definition
initiate fever production, resetting the body’s internal thermostat. High fevers can initiate a positive feedback loop where the body tries to increase temp.
Term
complement
Definition
group of about 20 beta globulins that act nonspecifically to destroy pathogens
Term
complement (what does it do?) effects
Definition
Enhancing inflammatory response
Opsinization -makes phagocytosis easier by coating with a protein.
Cytolysis - puncturing cell wall of pathogen
Term
Opsinization
Definition
makes phagocytosis easier by coating with a protein
Term
Specific Immunity
Definition
involves the recognition of specific parts of pathogenic organisms
Term
antigens
Definition
specific proteins on the outside of the pathogen...generally have to have molecular wts > 10,000amu
Term
How was specific immunity discovered?
Definition
Specific immunity was discovered in the 1800’s by work of von Behring when he discovered he could inject guinea pigs with sub lethal dose of diptheria bacteria and these would subsequently survive lethal doses of the same bacteria. He could also give new guinea pigs and injection of the serum and they to would be protected
Term
Hummoral immunity
Definition
works in the body fluids and consists of very specific proteins called antibodies produced by b-lymphocytes. The antibodies circulate throughout the body in the blood and tissue fluids. The react only with their specific antigen. You can think of this as being a lock-key system.
Term
Cell mediated immunity
Definition
involves T lymphocytes (several kinds) that search themselves through the body looking for spefic antigens. Here the actual t-lymphocytes attach to the antigen and destroy the invading microorganism
Term
antigenic determining sites
Definition
several places on their molecule that are capable of stimulating antibody formation
Term
gamma globulins
Definition
antibodies
Term
anitbodies categorized by
Definition
based on the structure of their crystallizable involved in fragments
Term
antibodies (5 kinds)
Definition
IGG,IGA,IGM,IGD,IGE
Term
IgG
Definition
most antibodies in plasma and tissue fluids,secondary immune responses
Term
IGa
Definition
antibody found in saliva and milk
Term
IgE
Definition
involved in hypersensitivity reactions
Term
IgM and IgD
Definition
function prior to immunization and are involved in primary immune responses.
Term
Memory Cells
Definition
stored in case this specific pathogen should ever re-invade the body. They are long lived cells
Term
plasma cells
Definition
fully functional antibody secreting cells and can crank out upto 2,000 antibodies/second for their relative short lives of 5-7 days.
Term
lymphokines
Definition
released by activated Tc cells during cell immediated immunity response
Term
kinds of lymphokines (6)
Definition
interferon
interlukin 2 - stimulates macrophages
lymphotoxins-destroys DNA of cells
macrophage activating factors
macrophage migration inhibiting factors
Tumor necrosis factor
Term
types of specific immunity
Definition
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
Term
autoimmunity
Definition
occurs when the immune system fails to recognize self antigens. The immune system begins attacking your own body systems.
Term
reasons why autoimmunity occurs
Definition
cross reactivity
abnormal exposure of self antigens to blood
changes in self antigens
Term
cross reactivity
Definition
when antibodies against foreign protein attack self antigens. Example rheumatic fever….antibodies against streptococcus organism also attacks heart cells
Term
how changes in self antigens happen
Definition
Some viruses can alter self antigen so that the body thinks they are foreign. This is how Type I diabetes mellitus occurs….a virus alters antigens on beta cells and the bodies immune system attacks and destroys them.
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