- the receptors on a B lymphocyte (BcR)

Immunoglobulins

- Surface immunoglobulins (sIg) become these on release from B-lymphocytes

IgM or IgD

- made up of an alpha and beta chain both anchored (transmembrane) to their namesake cell

T-cell receptor

- the means of getting all the different combinations of TcR and BcR specific receptors

Random genetic recombination

- only type or receptors that are released

sIg or BcR

- pre-cursor to T-lymphocytes

thymocytes

- bone marrow as stem cells --> differentiation in thymus --> found in outer cortical region

- begins early during 1st trimester

thymocyte migration

- when thymocytes pass from the cortex to medulla they encounter these cells all rich in MHC Class I and II cell membrane markers

Epithelial cells, macrophages, and interdigitating cells

- term used to describe the process only 2% of maturing T-lymphocytes survive

- recognition of "self proteins"

Tolerization

- the organ in chickens the "B" of B-lymphocytes was named after

Bursa of Fabricius

- instruction and differentiation of B cells begins here during fetal life

- moves from here to bone marrow after 8-9 weeks

Fetal Liver

- Pre-B cells move centripetally from where to where in the bone

sub-endosteum --> central sinus of bone marrow

- phagocytoses 75% of B cells before they reach the circulation

macrophages

- the kind of environment that B & T lymphocytes are educated in

antigen-independent environment

functions include

- efficient filtering and concentration of foreign agents

- major sites where antibodies, cytokines and cell-cell conversation takes place

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

- Immune cells in the spleen concentrated here

PALS

- type of bacteria that is especially virulent after a splenectomy

streptococcus

- major organ in which antibodies are synthesized and secreted into the circulation

Spleen

- "tube of life"

- microbiota 'fine tunes' T lymphocyte regulation

- Peyer's patches, tonsil/adenoids, appendix

GALT

- found in concentrated quantities in the paracortex

T-lymphocytes

- found in concentrated quantities in the germinal centers (lymphoid follicle/nodule)

B-lymphocytes

- yellow taxi cabs

- excellent APCs, differentiate into mobile cells that migrate from infected region to secondary lymphoid tissue

- link innate and adaptive immunity

Antigen-bearing Dendritic Cells

- the cells that antigen-bearing dendritic cells are in search

specific T cells with TcRs that match the antigen

- MHC Class I molecules provide epitopes for these type of cells

T cytotoxic (CD8)

- MHC Class II molecules provide epitopes for these type of cells

- constitute 70% of the lymphocyte population

T helper (CD4)

- the fate of the APCs after binding to and stimulating CD8 cells

Death

- CD4 produce these following activation

Cytokines, Memory Cells

- this class of pathogens primarily is recognized and bound to the APCs intracellularly

Viruses

- this class of pathogens primarily is recognized and bound to the APCs extracellularly

bacteria

- this factor makes macrophages more effective at killing bacteria by the activation of CD4 helper cells and the cytokines they produce

MAF (macrophage activating factor)

- take up antigen in the skin and migrate to lymphoid organs

Langerhans' cells

- T cells express this to allow binding to CHO ligands expressed at the HEVs

L-selectin (adhesion molecules)

- B cells release antibodies in response to these things CD4 cells release following activation by the MHC on the B cells

cytokines

- the only cells responsible for antibody production

Plasma cells

- the principle of booster shots revolves around production of these cells

Memory cells

- the secondary immune response

anamnestic response

- rheumatoid arthritis

- multiple sclerosis

- myasthenia gravis

- diabetes

Autoimmune diseases

- Naive B and T lymphocytes are small resting cells stuck in this phase of the cell cycle

- when activated they enlarge into these cells

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lymphoblasts