Term
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Definition
| The study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign (non-self) material, how body components respond and interact, the desirable and undesirable consequences of immune interactions, and the ways in which the immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against or treat diseases. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of being protected against foreign antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called Immunoglobins, are specific glycoproteins found in either serum or plasma. They are produced by B-lymphocytes when the body detects antigens. Seek out and bind with specific antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called immunogens, are large molecules found on the suface of cells, viruses, fungi, bacteria, pollen, chemicals, foreign particles, etc... cause your immune system to produce antibodies against it, may also be formed within the body, as with bacterial toxins or tissue cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Portions or fragments of an antigen that react with antibodies and lymphocyte receptors. |
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Definition
| Very small molecules that can bind to a larger carrier molecule and behave as an antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule that when coupled with a hapten, renders the hapten immunogenic. |
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Term
| What is the main function of the immune system? |
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Definition
| Recognizes "self" and "non-self" microbes, and attacks or removes the non-self microbes. Non-self microbes (microorganisms) may be referred to as foreign and are called antigens. |
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Term
| What are three other important functions of the immune system? |
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Definition
Defense
Homeostasis
Surveillance |
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Term
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Definition
Immune response is the complex and broad range of defensive mechanisms that the human body uses to combat infections and diseases.
- First line of defense
- Natural or Innate immunity
- Acquired or adaptive immunity
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Term
Antigenicity
(Immunogenicity) |
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Definition
| The ability of an antigen to stimulate an immune response. |
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Term
| Natural or innate immunity |
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Definition
| Is the defense mechanism that the body uses immediately or within several hours after exposure to almost any microbe. |
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Term
| Natural or innate immunity is antigen-___________ and ___________. |
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Definition
| nonspecific / nonadaptive |
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Term
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Definition
| Components of this system resist pathogens or foreign subatances in the same way. |
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Term
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Definition
| Response to a pathogen does not change with subsequent exposures to the same antigen. |
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Term
| Both natural and acquired immunity employ cellular and humoral (fluid) components to resist infection. What are the cellular components? |
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Definition
- Mainly phagocytic cells
- Mast cells, Neutrophils, and Macrophages
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Term
| Both natural and acquired immunity employ cellular and humoral (fluid) components to resist infection. What are the humoral components? |
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Definition
- Complement proteins
- Lysozymes
- Interferons
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Term
| If a microorganism overwhelms the body's natural resistance, what type of immunity becomes operational? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does "Antigen-specific and adaptive" mean? |
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Definition
| This means it allows the body to recognize, remember, and respond to a specific antigen. It also allows the body to develop an acquired resistance to the antigen so that the body responds more effectively if reinfection occurs. |
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Term
| What are two types of acquired immunity? |
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Definition
| Humoral response & Cell-Mediated response |
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Term
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Definition
| Results in the production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) to combat non-self agents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves activation of specific lymphocytic cells combat non-self agents. |
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Term
| What are the cellular components of adaptive immuntiy? |
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Definition
- Antigen presenting cells, macrophages
- T-lymphocytes
- B-lymphocytes and plasma cells
- Antibodies
- Cytokines
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Term
Which type of immunity is the initial response for removal of microbes, is the immunity you were born with, and is nonantigen specific?
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Definition
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Term
| What type of immunity is your secondary defense mechanism, the immunity you acquire through life, and is antigen-specific? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the cellular and humoral components of natural immunity? |
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Definition
Cellular Components
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Mast cells
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Neutrophils
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Macrophages
Humoral Components
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Complement proteins
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Lysozymes
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Interferons
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Term
| What are the Cellular & Humoral components of Adaptive immunity? |
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Definition
Cellular components
Humoral components
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Term
| The organs in the immune system fall into what two categories? |
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Definition
Primary lymphoid organs
Secondary organs and tissues |
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Term
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Definition
The bone marrow and thymus are mainly responsible for the production and development of special cells.
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Term
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Definition
| Spongy fatty tissue found inside long bones, the site of most cell development and maturation, the site where special cells called B-lymphocytes or B-cells develop and mature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found on the trachea in the upper part of the chest, the site where special cells, stem cells, undergo further development in order to become T-lymphocytes or T-cells. |
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Term
| Secondary lymphoid organs and tissues |
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Definition
often serve as a filtration system to eliminate debris and foreign particles.
- Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
- Lymph Nodes
- Spleen
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Term
| Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) |
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Definition
| System composed of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue, provides the first line of defense against orally ingested pathogens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bundles of tissue found throughout the body, filled with lymphocyte cells, act as filters by removing microorganisms from circulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest of the secondary organs, acts as a filter by trapping and removing foreign materials out of the blood. Removes older and damaged RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| are soluble proteins secreted by cells. They are called chemical mediators because theytransmit messages between cells. These messages regulate growth, differentiation, and function. |
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Term
| What are four types of cytokines? |
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Definition
- Lymphokines
- Chemokines
- Interleukins
- Interferons
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Term
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Definition
| Principal leukocyte associated with phagocytosis, function is performed inside the body's peripheral tissues, use granules within their cytoplasm to break down ingested material and kill microorganisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neutrophils move from the blood into the tissues, the movement through the cell wall is called diapedesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accumulate at inflammatory sites and release histamines, which cause an allergic response, activated by IgE antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Invade microorganisms, including certain parasites, also play a role in controlling allergic reactions by emitting hisaminase. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are tissue cells that play a major role in hypersensitivity reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monocytes are found in the blood, when they enter the tissue (liver, lungs, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, and brain) they become macrophages. These cells ingest antigens via phagocytosis, and serve as antigen-presenting cells (APC) |
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Term
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Definition
T-Lymphocytes are primarily responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They represent 60-80% of circulating lymphocytes. T-Lymphocytes have the following subsets;
Cytotoxic T-cells
Helper/Inducer T-cells
Suppressor T-cells
Natural Killer cells (NK cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| T-lymphocytes that attack and lyse cells infected with viruses, tumor cells, bacteria, and cells that are damaged and or otherwise dysfunctional. |
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Term
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Definition
T-lymphocytes that enhance and promote the action of other immune cells as follows;
- Secrete cytokines that activate macrophages
- Assist B-cells in antibody production
- Activate suppressor cells
Other names, T4, CD4 |
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Term
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Definition
| Suppressor T-cells inhibit the activities of B-cells and T-cells in order to keep the immune response from going out of control. |
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Term
| Natural Killer cells (NK cells) |
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Definition
| Natural killer cells lyse virally infected cells, malignant cells, and antibody-antigen complexes without prior antigenic stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| These cells are responsible for humoral immunity (antibody production). They are called plasma cells when activated and start producing antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A key component of adaptive immunity is the APC (monocyte/macrophage) APCs are a group of functionally defined cells capable of taking up antigens and presenting them to lymphocytes. These cells display parts of ingested antigens bound to what are called Major Histocompatability Complex "MHC molecules", on their surfaces. Certain T-cells recognize this antigen-MHC complex and become activated. |
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Term
| What are the steps involved in the APC activation of T-cells? |
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Definition
- An antigen becomes ingested by an APC and is broken down into smaller pieces.
- A vesicle within the cell containing MHC molecules merges with the vesicle containing the antigen pieces.
- Antigen fragments become bound to the MHC molecules.
- According to which type of antigen-MHC complex is exposed either helper/inducer T-cells or cytotoxic T-cells are activated.
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Term
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Definition
Antibodies protect the body from pathogens, i.e. bacteria, or their toxic products by the following functions.
- Neutralization
- Opsonization
- Complement
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Term
Neutralization
(Primary Function) |
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Definition
| Antibodies bind to antigens to neutralize bacteria toxins or some viruses. Antibodies block antigens access to cells that they might infect of destroy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria that are resistant to direct recognition by phagocytes are coated by antibodies. This allows the phagocytic cells to recognize, ingest, and destroy the bacterium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibodies activate a system of plasma proteins resulting in the formation of pores being on the surface of bacteria thereby killing the bacteria. Or complement coats the antigen making it recongnizable to phagocytic cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Monoclonal Antibodies
Heterophile Antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly specific antibodies that react only with the antigen that caused their production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Much more versatile than monoclonal antibodies, react with the antigen that caused their production as well as other antigens that have a similar physical structure to the original antigen. |
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Term
| What are three methodologies used for testing antibodies? |
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Definition
Serum electrophoresis
Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE)
Immunoelectrophoresis (IEO) |
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Term
| Specimen collection for testing antibodies. |
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Definition
Specimen serum
Volume: 3mL, minimum 2mL
Container: Red-top tube or gel-barrier tube
Collection: Separate serum from cells
Storage: Refrigeration
Patient Prep: Patient should be fasting
Causes for Specimen Rejection: Gross hemolysis, gross lipemia |
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Term
| Primary structure of a typical immunoglobulin. |
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Definition
| All immunoglobulin molecules are made up of a basic four-chain polypeptide unit that consists of 2 large or heavy chains, and two smaller or light chains held together by noncovalent forces and disulfide interchain bridges. Y shaped, heavy inner... light outer. |
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Term
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Definition
Immunoglobulins can be cleaved into 2 or more fragments by enzymes papain and pepsin. These fragments are;
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Term
| FAB sites (Fragment Antigen Binding) |
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Definition
| Upper portion of the Y known as "FAB" - capable of antigen binding, there are two FAB sites per antibody, each site consists of the light chain and the upper part of the heavy chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower stem portion of the "Y" which consists of the bottom part of both heavy chains. There is only one of these per antibody, can bind receptors found on certain immune system cells. |
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Term
| Immunoglobulin Variable Domain |
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Definition
| Located in the upper portion of each FAB site. A special area which binds to the antigen, gives the antibody it's unique specificity to bind to a specific antigen vice. Light and heac chains have one variable region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of the entire FC site, as well as the bottom part of each FAB site. Activates the complement cascade. Light chains have one constant region. Heavy chains have one or more constant region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Center portion of the antibody, allows the antibody to be flexible and attach to the antigen. Area where the antibody can be broken apart by chemical treatment. |
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Term
| How many classes of Immunoglobulins are there and what are they called? |
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Definition
There are 5 classes of immunoglobulins;
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgD
IgE |
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Term
| How are the Immunoglobulins classified? |
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Definition
| By the composition of the heavy chains. Ig stands for immunoglobulin, and the letters M,G,A,D,E designate the class. Different classes of antibodies can react against the same antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
| (monomer) Most involved, produced in response to antigens of human origin, produced by our B-lymphocytes. Provides immunity to newborn (can cross placenta), neutralizes toxins, helps fight infection. Accounts for 70-75% |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest antibody, the first and main antibody involved in the primary immune response. Acts as an antigenic receptor site on the surface of the immature B-lymphocyte, neutralizes toxins. With 10 binding sites (pentamer) most affective antibody for agglutination, with 5 FC regions, most effective antibody for activating complement. 10% |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretor antibody found mainly in body secretions and epithelial cells of the respiratory and reproductive tracts. Protect against bacteria and viruses, can cause severe or fatal anaphylactic transfusion reactions. 15-20% |
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Term
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Definition
| When found on the surface of B-lymphocytes, may act as receptors for antigens, currently no blood-group antibodies are known to belong to this class, found in very small amounts in the body (<1%) |
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Term
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Definition
| (Monomer) When an antigen such as pollen attaches to the IgE, the mast cell is signaled to release it's contents, one of which is histamine. Also elevated in parasitic infections. (Allergic Reactions) Lowest concentration, and shortest half-life. |
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Term
| Which Ig's are monomer, dimer, and pentamer? |
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Definition
Monomer - G, D, E
Dimer - A
Pentamer - M |
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Term
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Definition
| Immunity that results from the production of antibodies against a foreign antigen. A state of permanent resistance develops. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immunity that results from transfer of antibodies from one individual to another. Immunity only provides temporary protection. |
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Term
| What is the duration of Active immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the duration of passive immunity |
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Definition
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Term
| How is active natural immunity acquired? |
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Definition
| A person produces antibodies after clinical or sub-clinical infection, i.e. chickenpox |
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Term
| How is active artificial immunity (vaccination) acquired? |
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Definition
| Injection of live, killed or attenuated (thinned) microorganisms or their antigens, i.e. polio... measles... |
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Term
| How is a passive natural immunity acquired? |
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Definition
| During pregnancy, IgG antibodies pass from maternal circulation to fetal circulation. Breast milk |
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Term
| How is a passive artificial immunity acquired? |
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Definition
| Performed antibodies in immune serum introduced into body by injection. i.e. hepatitis A antibodies. |
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Term
| Cell-Mediated Immunity: Theory |
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Definition
| A type of immune response involving immune cells, not antibodies. This response mainly involves the workings of several cells such as the T-lymphocytes and the natural killer cells, and cellular chemicals such as cytokines. A.K.A. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) or Type IV Hypersensitivity |
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Term
| Cell-Mediated Immunity: Purpose |
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Definition
Cell-mediated immunity is responsible for body defense in the following immunologic events:
Contact sensitivity seen in poison ivy reactions, delayed sensitivity seen in contact dermatitis, immunity to viral and fungal antigens, and rejection of foreign tissue grafts. |
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Term
| Cell-Mediated Immunity: Function |
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Definition
| Phagocytosis, become activated in response to lymphokines (cytokines), can attach to antigen-antibody and antigen-antibody-complement complexes (more efficient than binding to antigen alone) Present processed antigen to T Lymphs |
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Term
| Cell-Mediated Immunity: Components |
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Definition
Antigen-presenting cells (APC) - i.e. macrophages
T-Lymphocytes - various types (antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes) & NK cells |
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Term
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Definition
| T lymphocytes do not directly recognize antigens, this recognition takes place when the antigen is present on the surface of an APC, the macrophage. |
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Term
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Definition
| These cells recognize and destroy/lyse body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigen on their surface including, virus infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, cancer cells displaying tumor antigens, and transplanted cells. |
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Term
| Natural Killer cells (NK cells) |
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Definition
| Recognize, attach to, and destroy intracellular pathogens. |
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Term
| Various Stimulating Cells |
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Definition
| Secrete variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| humoral-mediated immunity involves the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen. Immunity results from the formation and release of antibodies into the blood stream. This type of immunity is mediated by B-lymphs, primary function is defense against bacterial infections. |
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Term
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Definition
| (cytokines) are secreted from T-cells. these chemical mediators activate B-cells. |
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Term
| Plasma cells (activated B-lymphs) |
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Definition
| When B-cells are activated, they multiply and change into plasma cells. Plasma cells produce antibodies. |
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Term
| Memory cells (activated B-lymph) |
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Definition
| When activated b cells multiply, some of them are retained as memory b cells. respond to subsequent encounters with the antigen more quickly (anamnestic response) |
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Term
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Definition
| bind to and neutralize antigens |
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