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| cooperative activity of developing and advancing arguments and of responding to the arguments of others |
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| claim advanced with reasons in its support |
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| promoting/opposing an idea in public settings |
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| capacity to wield influence to shape important decisions that affect others' lives |
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| open discussion of issues that affect everyone |
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| society made of groups of people who see the world differently, value different activities, hold different religious beliefs, and have different goals |
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| What are the three reasons why we make arguments? |
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| to persuade, justify, and discover |
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| What are two main misconceptions of arguments? |
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| they are dry and logical, and they can only occur when people disagree |
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| deeply held moral commitments acquired from family, culture, religion, and personal experience |
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| How does one solve disagreements in pluralistic societies? |
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| search for unifying values between diverse groups |
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| agreement to engage in the cooperative process of argumentation rather than to resolve disagreement by other means |
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| rules or guidelines according to which arguments will take place |
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| What does it mean to make or advance an argument? |
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| presenting reasons in support of a conclusion or claim |
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| claim advanced with reasons in its support |
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| statement that the advocate believes or is in the process of evaluating |
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| statement advanced for the purpose of establishing a claim |
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| claim that has been reached through reasoning |
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| conclusion drawn on the basis of reasons |
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| series of arguments advanced to support the same general contention or set of conclusions |
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| What are the two components of an argument? |
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| conclusion (claim) AND supporting reasons |
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| one's sense of how arguments develop |
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| words and phrases like "because" and "therefore" that provide important clues about the reasons and conclusions in an argument |
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| the relations among the reasons and conclusions in an argument |
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| word or phrase that signals something other than a reason or conclusion about the content of an argument |
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| statement acknowledging the existence of an argument, evidence, or attitude opposing the conclusion being advanced |
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| What are the two types of reasons? |
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| reason rooted in observation |
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| reasons consisting of beliefs, values, assumptions, or generalizations that link evidence to a conclusion |
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| Which type of reason can be shown to be true or false? |
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| What type of reason cannot be shown to be true or false? |
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| What are the three characterizations of conclusions? |
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| propositions of fact value, or policy |
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| statement that reports, describes, predicts, or makes a causal claim |
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| a claim that can be potentially verified as either true or false |
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| making claims about the future |
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| What are the three criteria that a proposition of fact should satisfy? |
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| 1) Advance sufficient evidence, 2) Clarify and interpret the evidence, 3) Ensure the evidence's relevance to the claim is made clear |
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| statement that advances judgment about morality, beauty, merit, or wisdom |
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| What are the three criteria a proposition of value should satisfy? |
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| 1) Clarify the criteria or evaluation, 2) Provide evidence supporting the evaluation, and 3) Use evidence to show the criteria of evaluation have been satisfied |
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| statement urging that an action be taken or discontinued |
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| What are the three criteria for propositions of policy? |
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| 1) Provide evidence that a problem exists as a result of the status quo, 2) Show that the problem is serious and requires immediate attention, 3) Outline a proposal to solve the problem |
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| arguments leading to necessary conclusions when their reasons are true |
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| reason in a deductive argument |
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| What is the structure of a deductive argument? |
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| moving from a general principle (major premise) to a more specific observation (minor premise) to a conclusion that applies the general principle to a particular case |
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| particular conclusion to which the reasons/premises in a deductive argument, when accepted as true, unavoidably lead |
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| argument whose reasons lead to a probable conclusion |
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| conclusion that can be shown to be more or less likely, but not necessary |
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| What is the structure of inductive arguments? |
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| Lead from specific observations to a general conclusion |
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| process in which the conclusion of an argument moves beyond its stated evidence |
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| Deductive arguments arrive at what type of conclusions? |
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| Inductive arguments arrive at what type of conclusions? |
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| identifying and marking the statements in an argument |
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| any phrase or sentence that supplies a portion of the argument's inference or meaning |
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| making each statement or implied statement in an argument a complete sentence, changing indefinite references like pronouns to definite nouns and placing reasons above the conclusions they support |
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| mapping an argument, using only the letters assigned during scanning and drawing lines from reasons to their conclusions |
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| paris of reasons that must work together to lend support to their conclusion |
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| What type of reasoning uses complementary reasons? |
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| To what type of conclusions do complementary reasons lend themselves? |
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| a repeated phrase or term that links statements to one another (usually in deductive reasoning) |
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| conclusion that is then used as a reason |
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| What did Toulmin say are the three components of an argument? |
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| Claim (conclusion), data (evidence), and warrant (generalization or connective that links data to a claim) |
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| What did Toulmin call "backing"? |
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| foundational assumptions that support a warrant |
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| terms that indicate the intended strength of a conclusion |
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| possible answer or exception to the inference being drawn |
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| In Toulmin's model, what is the connective? |
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| warrant (links data to a claim) |
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| weak interpretation of opponent's argument to make it easier to refute |
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| personal qualities that assist us in making ethically good choices |
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| variety of moral and ethical perspectives present in contemporary societies |
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| perspectives relying on the essential values of a political system for their criteria of ethical assessment |
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| Human nature perspectives |
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| perspectives developing around more than one essential qualities of human nature |
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