Term
Skeletal System - 1a
Bone tissue contains numerous cells, known as (1). These cells are embedded in an extra cellular material, known as the (2). The matrix consists of (3), which impart hardness and strength. It is deposited on an organic component, (4 |
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Definition
1. Osteocytes
2. The matrix
3. calcium phosphate crystals
4. Collagen fibers
5. Protein |
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Term
Skeletal System - 2
206 Bones
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. |
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Definition
1. Provide internal structural support
2. Give body shape
3. Enable us to maintain an upright position
4. Protection
5. Site of attachments for tendons of many skeletal muscles
6. Contains bone marrow which gives rise to RBC, WBC, an platelets
7. Storage depot for fats
8. Reservoir of calcium and other minerals
9. Release and absorb calcium (needed for muscle contraction) into and from the blood, respectively |
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Term
Skeletal System - 3
___ skeleton = ___, ___, ___
___ skeleton = ___, ___, ___, ___ |
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Definition
Axial skeleton= Skull, Vertebral column, and ribcage
Appendicular skeleton=- arms, les, shoulder, pelvis |
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Term
Skeletal System - 4
Long bones- ex. (1) (upper arm)
Contains (2) (shaft) and (3) (2 expanded ends) (fig. 13.3, pg. 301) |
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Definition
1. Humerus
2. Diaphysus
3. Epiphysis |
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Term
Skeletal System - 1b
The collagen imparts (1).
Clinical: (2) can be caused by a deficiency in vitamin C (3). Vitamin C is required for (4) |
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Definition
1. Flexibility
2. Scurvy
3. Ascorbic Acid
4. the hydroxylation of proline for incorporation into a collagen molecule |
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Term
Skeletal System - 5
Outer (1) bone and inside there is (2) bone
The outer surface of the compact bone is a layer of connective tissue called the (3) (site of attachment for skeletal muscles, contains (4)) |
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Definition
1. Dense compact
2. Spongy
3. Periosteum
4. Pain receptors |
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Term
Skeletal System - 6
(1) (in infants)at serves as a blood-cell factory, producing (2) to replace those routinely lost each day.
(3) (begins to form during adolescence) is present in all bones except (4), and a few others which continue making RBC. ((5) c |
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Definition
1. red marrow
2. RBC, WBC, and platelets
3. Yellow marrow
4. vertebral bodies, hip bones
5. yellow |
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Term
Skeletal System - 7
(1)- Intervertebral discs separate vertebrae. They acts as cushions.
Clinical- (2) |
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Definition
1. joints
2. ruptured intervertebral disc |
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Term
Skeletal System - 8a
(1)- hyaline cartilage at the articular surface of the joint, joint capsule that joins 1 bone to the other, dense connective tissue attaches the (2). |
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Definition
1. Synovial joint
2. periosteum of adjoining bones
3. bursa |
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Term
Skeletal System - 8b
In many joints, parallel bundles of dense connective tissue fibers in the outer layer of the capsule for distinct inflexible ligaments. (1)= connective tissue that surrounds a joint
Clinical- (2)= inflammation of the bursa |
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Definition
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Term
Skeletal System - 9
“Double jointed” is a misnomer because (1) |
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Definition
| 1. it suggests the flexibility is permitted by the joint when in fact it is due to remarkable flexible tendons and ligaments that are otherwise usually inflexible. |
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Term
Skeletal System - 10
Inner layer of joint capsule= (1)
It produces (2) which provides (3)
2 types of Synovial joints
1. (4)
2. (5) |
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Definition
1. Synovial membrane
2. Synovial fluid
3. lubrication to the joint and nutrients to the articular cartilage
4. Hinge joint (joints in the fingers)
5. Ball and socket (hip and shoulder) |
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Term
Skeletal System - 10b
Clinical- (1)= partially or completely torn ligament |
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Definition
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Term
Skeletal System - 11
(1)- Over time, excessive wear and tear cause the articular ends of bones to (2). As cartilage degenerates, the bones come in contact and may grind against each other during movement. This causes (3) |
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Definition
1. Osteoarthritis
2. flake and crack
3. considerable swelling, pain, and discomfort. |
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Term
Skeletal System - 12
(1)- Inflammation of (2). Cartilage wears and underlying bone degenerates. Synovial membrane thickens disfigured joints. Bones may become (3) causing joints to collapse. Autoimmune etiology. |
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Definition
1. Rheumatoid Arthritis
2. Synovial membrane
3. dislocated |
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Term
Skeletal System - 13
During embryonic development, (1) forms in the (2) where bone will eventually be. Cartilage is converted to bone via (3). |
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Definition
1. hyaline cartilage
2. arms, legs, head, and torso
3. endochondral ossification. |
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Term
Skeletal System - 14
Blood Ca falls-> (1)-> stimulates (2)-> (2) digest bone in their vicinity-> (3) |
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Definition
1. PTH gets released from parathyroid glands
2. osteoclasts
3. Ca gets released into the blood replenishing the Blood Ca levels |
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Term
Skeletal System - 15
Blood Ca rises-> (1) -> inhibits (2) and stimulates (3) -> (4) -> (5) |
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Definition
1. Thyroid releases calcitonin
2. osteoclasts
3. osteoblasts
4. Ca gets deposited on bone
5. lowers blood Ca levels |
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Term
Skeletal System - 16
Fracture bone-> (1) pour into the fracture and form a (2). Within a few days, the clot is invaded by (3) that secrete (4), thus forming a mass of cells and fibers, (5), which bridges the broken ends internally and externally-> (6). |
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Definition
1. blood from broken blood vessels in the periosteum and marrow cavity
2. blood clot
3. fibroblasts
4. collagen
5. the callus
6. Osteoblasts slowly convert the callus to bone, thus “knitting” the broken ends together. |
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Term
Skeletal System - 17
Clinical- (1)- Progressive loss of bone Ca, usually in post menopausal women as a result of lack of (2) |
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Definition
1. Osteoperosis
2. estrogen (estrogen helps maintain bone), ERT, exercise, Ca supplements, Ca- rich foods, and Vit. D |
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Term
Skeletal System - 18
Muscles
(1)- voluntary, multinucleated, maintain posture and produce body heat during rest and work |
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Definition
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Term
Skeletal System - 19
(1)- involuntary, single nucleus
Muscle fibers are (2)
Inside each muscle fiber are numerous (3), bundles of the contractile filaments (4) |
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Definition
1. Smooth muscle
2. contractile and excitable
3. myofibrils
4. actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin |
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Term
Skeletal System - 20a
Muscles - Step 1 |
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Definition
| 1. Ach gets released from the post synaptic motor neuron’s synaptic vesicle upon excitation of an action potential into the synaptic cleft of the synapse between the neuron and a muscle cell (neuromuscular junction) |
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Term
Skeletal System - 20b
Muscles Step 2 |
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Definition
| 2. Ach binds to receptors located on the muscle cell |
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Term
Skeletal System - 20c
Muscles Step 3 |
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Definition
| 3. This stimulates an action potential down the T-tubule into the sarcoplasmic reticulum where Ca is stored inside the muscle cell. |
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Term
Skeletal System - 20d
Muscles Step 4 |
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Definition
| 4. Ca gets released upon stimulation and binds to troponin |
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Term
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Definition
| 5. The binding of Ca to troponin causes tropomyosin to lift up and expose the myosin binding sites located on actin molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| 6. Myosin can now bind to actin- it does |
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Term
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Definition
| 7. Myosin pulls actin forward causing the Z-lines of the sarcomere to come closer together. ATP provides the energy to pull the actin filaments inward (ATP ADP + P) |
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Term
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Definition
| 8. Creatine phosphate is stored in muscle- Creatine phosphate +ADP ATP + creatine (ATP gets replenished) |
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Term
Skeletal System - 20i
Muscles step 9 |
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Definition
| 9. ATP is also generated by glycolysis, TCA cycle, and electron transport chain. Electron transport chain requires oxygen. If the circulatory system cannot replace oxygen used as quickly as it is being used (during exercise, this is called an oxygen debt) the TCA cycle and ETC shut down. |
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Term
Skeletal System - 20j
Muscles step 10 |
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Definition
| 10. To generate ATP, the cell must resort to fermentation- the metabolic breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen. |
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Term
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Definition
| 11. Lactic acid builds up fatigue and muscle cramps |
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Term
Skeletal System - 21
Individual muscle fibers contract when stimulated by (1), producing a twitch. Contractions of varying strengths (graded contractions) can be generated in whole muscles by (2) |
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Definition
1. an action potential
2. recruitment and wave summation. |
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Term
Skeletal System - 22
(1) produce rapid movement and are abundant in skeletal muscle
(2) are found in muscles like the back that perform slower motions or are involved in maintaining posture |
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Definition
1. Fast twitch fibers
2. Slow twitch fibers |
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Term
Skeletal System - 23
More protein (weight lifting increases (1) in muscle fibers)= (2)
3 factors of Endurance= (3), (4), (5) |
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Definition
1. actin and myosin
2. more muscle mass
3. condition of heart
4. muscles of inspiration
5. blood volume |
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Term
Nervous System 1
The Brain
---------
CNS/PNS supportive cell
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. |
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Definition
1. astrocytes - physical support, repair, K metabolism
2. Microglia - phagocytosis
3. Oligodendrocytes - CNS myelin production
4. Schwann Cells - PNS myelin production
5. Ependymal cells - inner lining of ventricles - produce cerebral spinal fluid |
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Term
Nervous System 2
(1) - Glucose and aa cross by (2).
(3) (non-polar) substances cross more readily than polar
Clinical - (4), rather than dopamine, is used to treat (5) because dopamine doesn't cross (1) (why? (6)) |
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Definition
1. Blood/brain barrier
2. carrier-mediated transport
3. Lipid soluble
4. L-Dopa
5. Parkinsonism
6. Carbidopa decreases decarboxylation of L-Dopa - hence it is given with L-dopa to Parkinson parients. Less L-dopa = less GI toxicity |
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Term
Nervous System 3a
Hypothalmus Functions - first 3 |
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Definition
TAN HATS:
(T)hirst (supraoptic nucleus)
(A)denohypophysis (ant. pituitary gland) - releasing factors
(N)eurohypophysis (post pit. glan) - releasing hormones, ADH (supraoptic nucleus) and oxytocin (paraventricular nucleus) that were synthesized in the hypothalmus |
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Term
Nervous System 3b
Next 4 functions |
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Definition
(H)unger (lateral nucleus) and satiety (ventromedial nucleus)
(A)utonomic regulation - ie. Circadian rhythms (suprachiasmatic nucleus) and parasympathetic activity (anterior hypothalamus)
(T)emperature regulation (ant. Hypothalamus coordinates cooling (Think AC!) when hot and the posterior hypothalamus regulates heat conservation)
(S)exual urges and emotions (septate nucleus) |
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Term
Nervous System 4
Cerebrum = (1) - receives sensory input and carries out integration before commanding voluntary motor responses. Also carries out (2) required for (3)
2 cerebral hemispheres and seperated by the (4).
(5) = motor (communicates with the |
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Definition
1. telencephalon
2. higher thought processes
3. learning and memory and for speech and language
4. Corpus callosum
5. Pre central gyrus
6. ventral anterior/later nucleus of the thalamus |
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Term
Nervous System 5
(1) = sensory (communicates with the (2)).
Nucleus is body senses like (3). The medial part of the ventral post. nucleus is (4) including (5) |
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Definition
1. Post central gyrus
2. ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus - the lateral part of the ventral post.
3. Proprioception, pressure, pain, vibration, touch vibration
4. Facial sensation
5. Pain |
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Term
Nervous System 6
Cerebral cortex has (1) ((2)), (3) ((4)), (5) ((6)), and (7) ((8)) lobes. (9) area (frontal lobe) is an association area that receives info from other association areas and uses this information to reason and plan our actions (10) |
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Definition
1.frontal
2. associations, frontal eye movement, motor speech - brocoas area
3. parietal
4. somatosensory, taste
5. temporal
6. auditory, sensory speech - wenickes area
7. occipital
8. visual
9. prefrontal
10. critical thinking and formulation of "appropriate behaviors") |
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Term
Nervous System 7
(1) integrate motor commands, ensuring that proper muscle groups are activated or inhibited.
Clinical - (2) and (3), which are characterized by uncontrollable movements, are due to malfunctioning of the (4) |
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Definition
1. Basal banglia
2. Hunington's disease (lesion in striatum)
3. Parkinson's disease (lesion in compact substantia nigra)
4. basal ganglia (nuclei) |
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Term
Nervous System 8
Diencephalon=(1) |
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Definition
| 1. Thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland (releases melatonin - which helps ameliorate jet-lag and insomnia and possibly regulates onset of puberty) |
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Term
Nervous System 9
(1) is seperated from the brain by the (2). It receives sensory input from the eyes, ears, joints, and muscles about the the present position of body parts (3), and it also receives (4) from the (5) about where these parts are located. T |
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Definition
1. Cerebellum
2. 4th ventricle
3. proprioception
4. motor output
5. cerebral cortex
6. motor impulses
7. skeletal muscles
8. posture, smooth movements, and balance. |
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Term
Nervous System 10
(1) = midbrain (relay station between spinal cord and/or cerebellum and cerebrum - it has reflex centers for (2)), (3), and (4) (reflex centers for (5). the medulla lies just superior to the spinal cord and contains (6) |
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Definition
1. brain stem
2. visual, auditory, tactile responses
3. pons (functions with the medulla to regulate breathing rate and has reflex centers concerned with head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli)
4. medulla oblongata
5. heart rate, breathing, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, swallowing, and vasoconstriction
6. tracts that ascend and descend between the spinal cord and higher brain centers |
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Term
Nervous System 11
(1) - causes a person to be alert. It is believed to filter out unnecessary sensory stimuli. An inactive (2) (RAS) results in sleep, and a severe injury to it results in (3) |
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Definition
1. reticular system
2. reticular activating system
3. coma |
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