Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
India's earliest civilization
Was concurrent with what civilization? |
|
Definition
Indus Valley Civilization
Egypt's First Kingdom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dry Plains of NW India, inhabited by nomads who protected India from invaders |
|
|
Term
| What river separates Northern and Southern India? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most fertile area of India and what is the name of the river that feeds it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two languages are spoken in the Indo-Gangetic plain and from what language(s) do they derive? |
|
Definition
Hindi, Bengali
Both are Indo-Aryan languages |
|
|
Term
| What language is spoken in Peninsular India? |
|
Definition
| Dravidian languages (probably same language spoken in Indus Valley Civilization) |
|
|
Term
| What is Urdu, what nation is it associated with? |
|
Definition
| Very similar to Hindi, it is associated with Pakistan. Urdu considered a more romantic, 'sweet' language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sculptures that contain the scriptures of Hinduism, they are meant to be communicated orally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Time: wheel (all events in a cycle)
truth: different for everyone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Hinduism: Varna
kshatriya
Brahmin
Vaisya
Sudras
Pariahs |
|
Definition
| Caste: warriors, priests, merchants, peasants, untouchables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| avatar of Vishnu (earthly manifestation of) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elephant-faced God, Hindus supplicate him before any new undertaking |
|
|
Term
| Timeline: Indus Valley Civilization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Timeline: Siddhartha Gautama |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did the Indus Valley civilization worship? |
|
Definition
| Male fertility figure (Bull), also female fertility symbols |
|
|
Term
| A combination of what elements gave rise to Hinduism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combination of cultures leading to a new culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A legacy of the Aryan invasion. The classical language of India, it has influences from as far away as Ireland and Iran; it has had a lasting influence in South Asia. It was discovered during the British Invasion. It is the Indian equivalent of Latin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ritualistic religious poems on sculptures, they are a legacy of the Aryan invasion. They were controlled by Brahmins (evidence of caste system), they are the longest vocal tradition (in the world?). They continue to be recited by Brahmin boys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The third legacy of the Aryan Invasion, they are the equivalent of the Odyssey and Iliad (respectively) but much more important to INdian culture than Homer's epics are to western society. Ramayana an episode of the Mahabharata that depicts the story of Prince Rama and Sita and their conflict with Ravana. The main moral: Rama and Sita are faithful to their Dharma. The Mahabharata is an epic depicting the conflict amongst the Aryan claimants to the throne. Its main moral implication is the struggle between good and evil. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an excerpt from the Mahabharata, a story about Arjuna (supported by Krishna). An example of Kathakali--South Indian dance drama |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
education, socialization.
People learn to be good Hindus by participation in the Mahabharata and Ramayana |
|
|
Term
| Three Major world religions born in 6th century BC: |
|
Definition
| Buddhism, Confucionism, Taoism |
|
|
Term
| Buddhism: Siddhartha Gautama |
|
Definition
| Born in Nepal (563 BC), he was a prince who was influenced by Upanishads (questions about life influenced by the Vedas) and sought truth by becoming a yogi and seeking for gurus. He was tempted for 49 days under the Bodhi (enlightenment) tree and became enlightened. |
|
|
Term
| Buddhism: Four Noble Truths |
|
Definition
1. to be is to suffer
2. the cause of suffering is desire
3. to overcome suffering one must overcome desire
4. to overcome desire there is an eight-fold path: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Wheel of Life", by following the eight-fold path one may be released from the wheel of life and attain Nirvana |
|
|
Term
| Where was Buddhism first preached? |
|
Definition
| Benares (aka Varanasi) and the whole north of India |
|
|
Term
| Why did Buddhism lose favor in India? |
|
Definition
| It was not popular with the Brahmin |
|
|
Term
| Who are Buddha and Christ considered to be incarnations of? |
|
Definition
| Lord Vishnu. Buddha--8th incarnation. Christ--9th incarnation |
|
|
Term
| Buddhism: Theravada and Mahayana |
|
Definition
Theravada: Work out salvation on your own
Mahayana: rely on Lord Buddha to achieve salvation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
322-185 BC
Ashoka was third heir to the throne
under Ashoka's rule much Buddhist architecture commissioned |
|
|
Term
| Buddhist architecture: Stupa |
|
Definition
| egg shaped building, said to contain ashes of Buddha, early Buddhist art doesn't depict Buddha in person |
|
|
Term
| Buddhist architecture: Chaitya hall |
|
Definition
| barrel shaped building, ideally built into rock or a cave, contained a stupa at the apse, one would circumambulate the stupa and ponder the four great truths |
|
|
Term
| Buddhist architecture: Vihara |
|
Definition
| the buildings where the monks lived |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invaders who converted to Mahayana, their art was influential on Hindu art to follow. Buddha began to be depicted in the art they commissioned. Mathora style originates during this period. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic of Mathora style: |
|
Definition
| sculptures where the drapery appears wet to emphasize the physique |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 320-540 AD, period of development and peace, during this time India considered the most civilized part of the world. The Kushans promoted Buddhism and art, maritime and overland trade all of which affected the Guptas. Brahminism took over after Kushans, so Hinduism reinstated as State religion. |
|
|
Term
| Emperors of Gupta (Mauryans) |
|
Definition
Chandragupta 1
Samudragupta
Chandragupta II
(great military leader, patronized arts, most India most advanced civilization) |
|
|
Term
| Who recorded most of what we know about Guptas? |
|
Definition
| Chinese Buddhist monk Fa Xian; he spent 9 years on a pilgrimage searching for Buddhism in India and learned more about Hinduism because Buddhism was in decline |
|
|
Term
| Which sect of Buddhism affected the arts more, Mahayana or Theravada? |
|
Definition
| Mahayana; gentle, contemplative; the third eye and top-knot refer to wisdom |
|
|
Term
| Important piece: Seated Buddha at Sarnath |
|
Definition
| Mathura stype of Guptas; this is where Buddha preached his first sermon. Hands in symbol of teaching (mudras--universally understood) |
|
|
Term
| By what figures is Buddha often flanked in artwork? |
|
Definition
| Boddhisatva (those who have reached enlightenment but decided to linger until all people reach enlightenment); in our faith, John the revelator and the Three Nephites play a similar role |
|
|
Term
| Important piece: Ajanta caves: |
|
Definition
29 caves, 4 chaitya halls, 24 Vihara
Fresco paints a pictorial journal
Irony 1: Ajanta art is Buddhist
Irony 2: the Buddhist art is flamboyant, which doesn't quite agree with Buddhism's ascetic path to enlightenment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fables (count not your chickens, the transformed mouse). they are enculturative, teaching Hindus how to be good Hindus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rasa: emotion (there are 33 of these)
Indian Drama was not plot but rather emotion driven. |
|
|
Term
| Gupta architecture: Temples |
|
Definition
| complex layout, covered with ornamental carvings, stone martix, eclectic imagery. they are replicas of the universe (similar to early Buddhist stupas) |
|
|
Term
| How was Hindu philosophy of art different than that of Buddhism? |
|
Definition
| to Hindus, all art is religious (secular to divine, as you move from the bottom to the top. More sensual at the bottom to more abstract and divine toward the top) |
|
|
Term
| Important piece: Temple at Elura |
|
Definition
Nandi: Shiva's Bull
Lingam shrine
Processional path
galleries |
|
|
Term
| Important piece: Temple at Mamallapuram |
|
Definition
"rath"--chariot
Mountain temple--early example of Shikara
"descent of Ganges" myth on one of the pillars |
|
|
Term
| Important piece: Temple at Khajuraho |
|
Definition
Tower temple, world in temple form (fractals)
Gates: "Goupura" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"warrior"--also known as Parvati (shiva's wife)
She battles the Buffalo demon and calls upon Seven Mothers to help.
This represents the resurgence of female fertility figure in Gupta period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developments in astronomy and math unmatched anywhere else at the time. Arabic numbers actually came from Guptas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| miniature paintings, characteristics: compartmentalization so the painting has many aspects: rich colors and almong shaped eyes, blue skin denotes deity. Vishnu can be identified as the character womanizing and playing an instrument. Garuda represented as a green bird. |
|
|
Term
| Dates of Foreign Occupations: Aryans, Kushans, Arabic, Turks, Moguls, British |
|
Definition
Aryan (1500 BC)
Kushan (50 AD)
Arabic (8th century)
Turks, Afghan, Persian (11th century)
Moguls (16th century)
British (18th century)
Indians finally free of occupation in 1947 |
|
|
Term
| Where were most Muslims concentrated in India: |
|
Definition
| Pakistan and East Pakistan (became Bangladesh in 1971) |
|
|
Term
| Examples of incongruence between Hinduism and Muslim? |
|
Definition
Islam: monotheistic, heaven/hell, all brothers equal, universal truth
Hinduism: polytheistic, reincarnation cycle, caste system, personal/relative truth |
|
|
Term
| What does the Persian word Mogul stand for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1463-1530)--descended from Genghis Khan and Timur Khan
Babur established Mogul empire by vanquishing Rajputs in 1526 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Babur
Homayun(1508-2556)
Akbar the Great (1542-1605)
Jahangir (1569-1627)
Shah Jahan (1592-1666)
Aurangzab (1618-1707) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensitive to Hindu subjects, married Rajput princess (had many wives), founded ecumenical city Fatehpur Sikri. Admired by Queen Elizabeth. The Moguls only conquered northern India |
|
|
Term
| Mogul Miniature Paintings |
|
Definition
Persian, Rajput, small size
Characteristics: floral and geometric patterns (typical of Islamic art), muted colors compared to Rajput art, not strict profile anymore, depicts Akbar as the people's emperor, more liberal (such as showing a man shirtless) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
building decorated with calligraphy is DEFINITELY Muslim
building decorated with human or animal depiction is NOT Islamic |
|
|
Term
| Mogul Architecture: Three Kinds of Forts |
|
Definition
| Forts, Mosques, Mausoleums (Muslims were buried, Hindus were cremated) |
|
|
Term
| Important piece: Tomb of Homayun |
|
Definition
| reflected in Yamuna River (presages Taj Mahal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| observe Geometric and floral motifs, characteristic of Islamic architecture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hall of Private Audience for Shah Jahan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hall of Public Audience for Shah Jahan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| twenty year construction, employed 22,000 workers from as far away as Europe. This mausoleum was built for Shah Jahan's wife Muntaz Muhal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ran the Mogul empire to the ground, only a fifth of the population actually converted to Islam (Sufism endured) |
|
|
Term
| Hindustani Classical Music |
|
Definition
no friction between Muslims and Hindus, continues to thrive today, a Brahmanic activity (music was a devotional activity for them). Great musicians were considered closer to God than any other group of people.
Classical music is on the top of the totem pole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muslim musicians
Became at type of caste. Many families of Gharanas still exist, teaching through oral tradition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Suspended family relationship in favor of Gharana
Riaz--Dedication
Shishya--Disciple
Hindustani classical tradition results in Islamicization of Hindustani music and Indianizing of Muslim musicians |
|
|
Term
| 3 Parameters of Indian Music |
|
Definition
Melody--Raga
Meter--Tala
Drone--"canvas" of Indian Music |
|
|
Term
| How is Improvisation important in Indian music? |
|
Definition
| Musicians are both performer and composer at once, they are judged by the beauty with which they interpret and fit within ragas |
|
|
Term
| Requirements for Indian musicians: |
|
Definition
| ten years of living with a guru and being his disciple, mastery of oral-aural complex rules |
|
|
Term
| Instrumental Music: Instruments: Drum, Drone, Solo |
|
Definition
Drum: Tabla, Pakavaj
Drone: Tambura, Electronic box (drone box)
Solo: Sitar (long necked plucked lute)
Sarod: shorter necked plucked lute
Sarangi: bowed fiddle
Shanai: double reed (conical bore) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Melody, raga specifies basic melodic organization, but is more than scale or key. Characteristic patterns of notes, patterns for reaching and descending from the highest note. Raga generates all classical music. Each raga has associated emotions and times of the day and different functions. Some are curative, some associated with jinns (genie) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Meter; cycles of beats that undergird all classical music
Typical cycles: 12, 14, 16 beats
Two types of counts:
Tali (clap): primary
Khali (wave): secondary
"Tintal":3 tali and khali |
|
|
Term
| Performance Pattern for Instrumental Music: |
|
Definition
Alap (free meter)
alap: explores raga, slow
jor: faster tempo
jhala: faster still
meter: gat (enter drum)--drum enters meter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1920-2012
Born to Brahman family in Benares
studied with brother, became disciple of Alluadin Khan, his children were Akhbar Khan, Ana Purna
Influenced Yehudi Menuin, John Coltrane, George Harrison,
He is referred to as "Pandit", the Indian term for Master, not "Ustad" the Muslim term. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple pitches per syllable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
South Asian Sufi tradition
falls midway on great tradition-little traditions spectrum,
very popular in Pakistan
"Qual"--Arabic for "message"
Qawwal--Arabic for "One who speaks well" preachers of Sufi poetry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mystical sect of Islam, try to find God through mystical means, not mainstream but exists in many communities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hereditary specialists of low social standing, but very popular
patrons are the Sufi leaders (Sheiks)
Qawwals perform fundamental service but are looked down on.
Organized in 'bradris'--brotherhoods
Men and women do not perform together |
|
|
Term
| When and where is Qawwali performed? |
|
Definition
| performed at shrines of great sufi Saints' centers of mystical teaching. Performed at Anniversaries of death of Sufi saints. Music provides rhythm for "sikr"--repetition of God's name |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Farsi (most important)--language of 13th century poet Jalaluddin Rumi, the language of ancient Persia
Hindi--for Indian Muslims
Urdu--special importance for Pakistanis
Arabic (least important) |
|
|
Term
| Similarities of Qawwali to great tradition: |
|
Definition
| uses Ragas, classical training required, sargam--Sa re Ga Ma Pa Da Ni |
|
|
Term
| Differences of Qawwali to great tradition: |
|
Definition
| more text centered, mixes ragas, uses elements of folk and popular music |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Context-specific--must build a performance based on needs/expectations of patrons, saint, audience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Koranic recitation and prayer
Qawwali singing (.5-5 hours)
Koranic recitation and prayer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1948-1997
Born to Qawwal family, father wanted him to be a lawyer, Discovered by Peter Gabriel and his voice appears in older films such as Natural Born Killers, The Last Temptation of Christ, performed in Lincoln Center in 1995 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eclectic instruments may be used, hummable tunes, men and women sing together. |
|
|
Term
| Why are painted ballads important? |
|
Definition
| They made the music/art accessible to a historically illiterate culture/audience. |
|
|
Term
| Rajasthani painted ballads: characteristics |
|
Definition
Bhopa--storyteller
Bhope--wife
Ravanahattha--bowed fiddle
professional caste or jati |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sutradhar--"one who holds the thread"--the person who operates the puppet
boli--small reed instrument, gives utterances of puppets
Dholak--accordian, brought by British missionaries, now considered a native instrument
Rajput hero: Amar Singh rathor--17th century
A woman on stage had to be married and covered |
|
|
Term
| Bengal was influenced by what faiths? |
|
Definition
| Sahaja sect of Buddhism and Vaishnavism--a Hindu sect that emphasizes Bhakti (devotion to God)--influenced by Sufism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1858-1911) Philosopher, writer, musician, Nobel Laureate, downplayed British influences, renounced Knighthood, championed literature in vernacular. He founded Shantini Ketan, a university whose sole curriculum was Indian folklore, music, and dance. He wrote Sohar Bangla--the national anthem of Bangladesh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bauls--underground folk heroes of Bengal
"Batul"--Sanskrit word for "mad for God", this word is the origin of the word Baul
"Vatul"--crazies.
Bauls are deeply religious but eschew organized religion. They are influenced by Sufism, Vashnavism, and Sahaja sect of Buddhism. They believe a person's body is the only temple through which they can worship God. |
|
|
Term
| Baul Musicians, Instruments |
|
Definition
Khamak--drum used by Baul musicians
Purna Chandra Das "King of the Bauls"
Lady Srimati Manju Das
Prem-tattra--Love of God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1921-1992) Bengali Filmmaker, (Jalsaghar, Pather Panchali), his films question the effects of modernity on India |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Located in Mumbai (formerly Bombay)
Originally did adaptations of Western Films, now increasingly international |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1928--) Most recorded voice of all time (25,000+ recordings). |
|
|
