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Iggy: Med/Surg Nursing
Chapter 63-Management of Patients with Malnutrition and Obesity
61
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
10/30/2012

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Term
The body uses food energy to:
Definition
Maintain body temperature, respiration, cardiac output, muscle function, proteins synthesis, storage and metabolism of calories
Term
Energy Balance
Definition
The relationship between energy use and energy stored
*body proteins are used for energy when calorie intake is insufficient
Term
Lacto-vegetarian
Definition
Eats milk, cheese, and dairy foods, but avoids meat, fish, poultry, and eggs.
Term
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Definition
Eats milk, cheese, dairy foods, and eggs
Term
Vegan
Definition
Eat only foods of plant origin
*some will eat fish as well
Term
Vegans can develop anemia as a result of what?
Definition
Vitamin B-12 deficiency
Term
Lactose intolerance
Definition
Is an inadequate amount of the lactase enzyme, which converts lactose into absorbable glucose
Term
Nutritional status
Definition
Balance between nutrient requirements and intake
Term
Nutritional status, affected by:
Definition
Age, gender, disease, infection, and psychological stress
Term
Nutritional status influenced by:
Definition
Eating behavior, economical factors, emotional stability, disease, drug therapy, and cultural factors
Term
According to the Joint Commission Patient Care Standards, a nutritional screening should occur within how many hours of admission?
Definition
24
Term
Nutritional Assessment: for a patient that is in the hospital for more than one week is?
Definition
Required daily
Term
Nutritional Assessment includes
Definition
Inspection, measured height and weight.
Weight history.
Usual eating habits.
Ability to chew and swallow.
Any recent changes in appetite or food intake
Term
Anthropometric Measurements:
Definition
Noninvasive methods of evaluating nutritional status. These include height, weight, and assessment of body fat.
Term
What is the most reliable indicator of fluid gain or fluid loss?
Definition
Weight
Term
An unintentional weight loss of _______ over a six-month period at any time significantly affects nutritional status and should be evaluated
Definition
10%
Term
BMI
Definition
Body mass index
Term
PEM or PCM
Definition
Proteins – energy malnutrition, also known as, *protein – calorie malnutrition
Term
Three types of PCM
Definition
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Marasmic-Kwashiorkor
Term
Marasmus
Definition
A calorie malnutrition in which body fat, improve team are wasted but serum proteins are often preserved.
Term
Kwashiorkor
Definition
Is a lack of protein quantity and quality in the presence of adequate calories. Body weight is more normal and serum proteins are low.
Term
Marasmic-Kwashiorkor
Definition
Is a combined protein and energy malnutrition. The problem often presents clinically when metabolic stress is imposed on a chronically starved patient
Term
Outcome of unrecognized or untreated PEM
Definition
Is often dysfunction or disability and increased morbidity and mortality
Term
With malnutrition, what body functions decrease?
Definition
Liver, heart, lungs, G.I. tract, and immune system.
Term
Causes of malnutrition
Definition
Inadequate nutrient intake.
Increased nutrient losses.
Increased nutrient requirements
Term
Cachexia
Definition
Muscle wasting with prolonged malnutrition
Term
Hypoproteinemia
Definition
Decrease in serum protein – occurs as protein synthesis in the liver decreases.
Term
Malnutrition effects on the liver
Definition
Hypoproteinemia-decrease in protein synthesis in the liver, causing a decreased in Serum proteins.
Term
Malnutrition effects on the heart
Definition
Cardiac output diminishes
Term
Malnutrition effects on the lung
Definition
Vital capacity is reduced as a result of respiratory muscle atrophy
Term
Malnutrition effects on the G.I. system
Definition
Malabsorption due to atrophy of G.I. mucosa and the loss of intestinal below.
Term
Possible causes of low hemoglobin
Definition
Anemia,Recent hemorrhage, Hemodilution caused by fluid retention.
Secondary to low serum albumin, infection, catabolism, or chronic disease
Term
Possible causes of low hematocrit
Definition
Anemia, hemorrhage, excessive fluid, renal disease, or cirrhosis.
Term
Possible causes of high hematocrit levels
Definition
Dehydration or hemoconcentration
Term
Lab values for visceral proteins
Definition
Serum albumin: not the most sensitive proteins study.
Thyroxine: binding pre-albumin(PAB) – more sensitive because short half-life
Serum Transferrin: also more sensitive than albumin
Term
Serum albumin:

SI units: 35-50 g/L
Definition
A plasma protein that reflects the nutritional status of a patient. A few weeks before testing and is therefore not the most sensitive test
Term
(PAB) Thyroxine-binding prealbumin

SI units: 150-360 mg/dL
Definition
More sensitive indicator of nutritional deficiency because of its short half-life of two days.
*Can assess improvement in nutrition by increasing 1 mg/dL daily
Term
Serum Transferrin
Definition
An iron transport protein. Can be measured directly, or calculated as an indirect measurement of total iron binding capacity (TIBC)
More sensitive than serum albumin.
Term
TLC
Definition
Total lymphocyte count.
In malnutrition – TLC is usually decreased to below 1500/mm3
Term
Cholesterol levels in malnutrition
Definition
Typically below 160 mg/dL
due to malabsorption, liver disease, pernicious anemia, end-stage cancer, or sepsis.
Term
MNS
Definition
Medical nutritional supplements
Term
Drugs to stimulate appetite
Definition
Periactin
Megace
Term
TEN
Definition
Total Enteral nutrition
Term
TPN
Definition
Total parenteral nutrition
Term
Three groups likely to receive TEN
Definition
1.Can eat, but not maintain oral intake
2.Cannot swallow d/t neuromuscular imp.
3.cannot eat d/t critical illness
Term
NET
NGT
NDT
Definition
Nasoenteric Tube
Nasogastric Tube
Nasoduodenal Tube
Term
PEG
LPGD
Definition
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
Low profile gastrostomy device
Term
Refeeding Syndrome
Definition
Electrolyte shift can cause cardiovascular, respiratory,and neurologic problems. Primarily as a result of hypophosphatemia.
Term
Clinical manifestations of re-feeding syndrome
Definition
Electrolyte imbalance, shallow respirations, weakness, acute confusion, seizures, and increased bleeding tendency.
Term
ASPEN recommends holding a feeding. If the gastric residual volumes are more than?
Definition
200 ML's on two consecutive assessments
Term
Osmolarity

normal osmolarity of extracellular fluid ranges between 270 and 300 mOsm
Definition
Is the amount or concentration of particles dissolved in solution. This concentration exerts a specific osmotic pressure within the solution.
Term
Osmolarity of Enteral feeding products?
Definition
range from :Isotonic= 300mOsm
Extremely Hypertonic= 600mOsm
Term
Two most common electrolyte imbalances associated with enteral nutrition therapy are?
Definition
Hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia
Term
How does parenteral IVs differ from standard IV therapy?
Definition
All nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements ) can be given by Parenteral IV therapy.
Term
1 L of 5% dextrose provides how many K calories?
Definition
170 kcal
Term
PPN
Definition
Partial parenteral nutrition
Term
Two types of commonly used PPN solutions are?
Definition
IVFE's= IV fat (lipid)emulsions
amino acid dextrose solutions.
*IVFE's - are usually given piggyback
Term
For patients receiving IVFE's, monitor for what syndrome?
Definition
Fat overload syndrome.
Manifestations: fever, increased triglycerides, clotting problems, and multisystem organ failure. Discontinue therapy and notify physician immediately.
Term
3 Types of tube feedings?
Definition
Bolus feeding.
Continuous feeding.
Cyclic feeding
Term
Overfeeding could result in?
Definition
Abdominal distention and nausea and vomiting
Term
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances caused by malnutrition are related to?
Definition
Fluid shifts related to increased osmolarity – may result in fluid overload or dehydration.
Diarrhea related to delivery and concentration of electrolytes, multiple liquid medications.
Hyperkalemia, hyponatremia related to hyperglycemia induced hyperosmolarity that leads to osmotic diuresis.
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