Term
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Definition
| Needle sharing, sexual, hx of incarceration and frequency of drug use, country of residence |
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Term
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Definition
| 10% of new infection are related to IDU, although the proportion triples if SSA is not considered. 13 million people globally inject drugs. In Uzbekistan, 60% of new HIV infections relted to IDU since 200. Kyrgystan with 15 fold increase in HIV infections since 2001. Tajikistan, HIV prev among IDU 12% and HCV 60% |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 mill drug users, w 19,000 IDU, out of wich 2000 are injecing heroin, 500 in Kabul |
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Term
| Name some of the reason why heroin use might be on the rise? |
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Definition
| Poverty, increasing return of refugees, drug spill-over and new trafficking routes |
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Term
| What is the level of access to services that has been estimated by unaids to control hivepidemic among idu |
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Definition
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Term
| what services are available in afghanistna for idu |
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Definition
| needle and syringe exchange programs |
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Term
| Name some of the factors at the community and social level that are important for understanding spread of injecting? |
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Definition
*Coomunication and migration as a form of disffusion of knowledge regarding IDU
*Some social groups are more likely to begin a new behavior than others
* Intial adoption by some groups might be followed by others
*Law enforcment
*Change in the pattern of drug use |
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Term
| Adverse health consequences of drug use: |
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Definition
*HIV/BBD
*Mental health problems
*Infections at site of injection
8pneumonia
* overdose
* pulmonary fibrosis (talk powder)
* track marks
*inadequate diet and unsanitary living conditions |
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Term
| Where has explosive spread of HIV occurred among IDU? |
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Definition
1. Ruili SW China. From 12% HIV prevalence in 1989 to 58% HIV prev in 1990
2. In Manipur, India. From )% to 56% in 6 months
3. In Myanmar. From no cases in 1988. After that prev has been reported to be as high as 90% among some networks. |
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Term
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Definition
It has been estimated that only 10% of IDU will develop symproms of infection.
Prevalence of HBV in IDU is estimated to be around 40-60% |
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Term
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Definition
| +F infectious complication in IDU (60-70% of IDU with Ab to HCV) |
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Term
| Is mortality increased in IDU when compared to non-IDU? |
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Definition
| Yes, research in 12 cities has shown 17x higher risk of death among IDU vs non-IDU using afe and sex matched controls. |
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Term
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Definition
| IDU has been reporte in 151 countries (193), 16 mill with 10.8 to 6.6 mill living with HIV. Risk of infection is of 1/125 injections |
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Term
| Intervetnions that target IDU |
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Definition
| At present, the interventions with the greates potential effects are NSP, OST and ART. There is no single intervention that encompasses all HIV risk factors, which suggests that a combination of approaches is needed. Modelling suggest that combining these 3 interventions could decrease HIV infections in IDU by 50%. Only 4% of IDU receive ART. |
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Term
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Definition
| Basis: by increasing the amount of sterile equipment and reducing the time infected equipment is in use the number of unsafe injections can be reduced. The effect of this in HIV incidence is linke to the % of IDU that have access. Currenlty <5% of drug injections are coverd by a needle proveide by a NSP |
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Term
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Definition
| Basis: by increasing the amount of sterile equipment and reducing the time infected equipment is in use the number of unsafe injections can be reduced. The effect of this in HIV incidence is linke to the % of IDU that have access |
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Term
| Opioid Substitution Therapy |
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Definition
| Decrease drug use and unsafe injections. Mainstay of treatment for opioid dependence. Improves health and social funcitoning. High doses and extended treatment are associated withfurther reduction in drug use and HIV risk. OST is improved by psychosocial support. 8% of IDU have access to OST |
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Term
| Are individual based and community based interventions useful in preventing HIV infection in IDU? |
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Definition
| Yes, they can reduce injecting and sexual risk. IDU can play a significant role in the development and delivery of such internventions |
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Term
| What is the effect of compulsory detention in IDU? |
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Definition
| Evidence suggest that HIV risk behaviors arise within such closed setting |
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Term
| Effect of HIV counseling and testing on Idu? |
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Definition
| Reduction of risky sexual behavior and in injecting |
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Term
| What is a structural intervention? |
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Definition
| Interventions that operate at the population or community level. This interventions aim to bring a contextual change in the physical or social environment, removing barriers to risk reduction and facilitating protective conditions |
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Term
| Social environment interventions, what can they do? |
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Definition
| This peer initiatives are able to get to IDU through their networks, promoting safer injections and sexual behavior. Research has shown decreased needle sharing and increase in condom use. |
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Term
| Economic environment and multisectorial interventions for IDU |
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Definition
| Micro-finance strategies, in combination with community mobilisation, in combination with access to employment and education can decrease HIV risk behavior or sex work |
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Term
| What is the Vienna Delcaration? |
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Definition
* undertake a transparent review of the effectiveness of current drug policies;
* implement and evaluate a science-based public health approach to address the harms stemming from illicit drug use;
* scale up evidence-based drug dependence treatment options;
* abolish ineffective compulsory drug treatment centres that violate the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; and
* unequivocally endorse and scale up funding for the drug treatment and harm reduction measures endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations. |
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