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IDS 200
Chap. 1-4
119
Other
Undergraduate 1
02/11/2009

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Term

Business Model

Definition
An abstraction of what an enterprise I sand how the enterprise delivers a product or service, showing how the enterprise creates wealth.
Term
Information Technology
Definition
All the hardware and software technologies that a firm needs to use in order to achieve its business objectives
Term
Information
Definition

Data that have been shaped into a form that is meaningful and useful to human beings.

Term
Data
Definition
Streams of raw facts representing events occurring in organizations or the physical environment before they have been organized and arranged into a form that people can understand and use.
Term
Input
Definition
The capture or collection of raw data from within the organization or from its external environment for processing in an information system.
Term
Processing
Definition
The conversion, manipulation, and analysis of raw input into a form that is more meaningful to humans.
Term
Output
Definition
The distribution of processed information to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used.
Term
Feedback
Definition
Output that is returned to the appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate or correct input.
Term
Information Systems Literacy
Definition
Broad-based understanding of information systems that includes behavioral knowledge about organizations and individuals using information systems as well as technical knowledge about computers.
Term
Management Information Systems
Definition
The study of information systems focusing on their use in business and management.
Term
Business Processes
Definition
Examples: developing a new product, fulfilling an order, or hiring a new employee.
Term
Computer Hardware
Definition
Physical equipment used for input, processing, and output activities in an information system.
Term
Computer Software
Definition
Detailed, preprogrammed instructions that control and coordinate the work of computer hardware components in an information system.
Term
Data Management Technology
Definition

The software that governs the organization of data on physical storage media

Term
Networking and Telecommunications Technology
Definition
Physical devices and software that link various pieces of hardware and transfer data from one physical location to another
Term
Network
Definition
The linking of two or more computers to share data or resources, such as a printer.
Term
Internet
Definition
Global network of networks using universal standards to connect millions of different networks.
Term
Intranet
Definition
Internal networks based on Internet and World Wide Web technology and standards.
Term
Extranet
Definition
Private intranets that are accessible to authorized outsiders.
Term
World Wide Web
Definition
A system with universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information in a networked environment.
Term
Information Technology Infrastructure
Definition
All the hardware and software technologies that a firm needs to use in order to achieve its business objectives.
Term
Change Management
Definition
Giving proper consideration to the impact of organizational change associated with a new system or alteration of an existing system.
Term
Business Processes
Definition
The unique ways in which organizations coordinate and organize work activities, information, and knowledge to produce a product or service.
Term
Chief Information Officer (CIO)
Definition
Senior manager in charge of the information systems function in the firm.
Term
Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRM)
Definition

Information systems that track all the ways in which a company interacts with its customers and analyze these interactions to optimize revenue, profitability, customer satisfaction, and customer retention.

Term
Decision-support Systems (DSS)
Definition
Information systems at the organization’s management level that combine data and sophisticated analytical model or data analysis tools to support semi structured and unstructured decision making.
Term
Electronic Business
Definition
The use of the Internet and digital technology to execute all the business processes in the enterprise. Includes e-commerce as well as processes for the internal management of the firm and for coordination with suppliers and other business partners.
Term
Electronic Commerce (e-commerce)
Definition

The process of buying and selling goods and services electronically involving transaction using the Internet, networks, and other digital technologies.

Term
End Users
Definition
Representatives of departments outside the information systems group for whom applications are developed.
Term
Enterprise Applications
Definition
Systems that can coordinate activities, decision, and knowledge across many different functions, levels, and business units in a firm. Include enterprise systems, supply chain management systems, customer relationship management systems, and knowledge management internal processes of the firm.
Term
Enterprise Systems
Definition
Integrated enterprise-wide information systems that coordinate key internal processes of the firm.  Also known as enterprise resource planning (ERP).
Term
Executive Support Systems (ESS)
Definition
Information systems at the organization’s strategic level designed to address unstructured decision making through advanced graphics and communications.
Term
Finance and Accounting Information Systems
Definition
Systems keep track of the firm’s financial assets and fund flows.
Term
Human Resources Information Systems
Definition
Systems that maintain employee records, track employee skills, job performance and training, and support planning for employee compensation and career development.
Term
Information Systems Department
Definition
The formal organizational unit that is responsible for the information systems function in the organization.
Term
Information Systems Managers
Definition
Leaders of the various specialists in the information systems department.
Term
Interorganizational System
Definition
Information  systems that automate the flow of information across organizational boundaries and link a company to its customers, distributors, or suppliers.
Term
Knowledge Management Systems (KMS)
Definition
Systems that support the creation, capture, storage and dissemination of firm expertise and knowledge.
Term
Knowledge Workers
Definition
People such as engineers or architects who design products or services and create knowledge for the organization
Term
Manufacturing and Production Information Systems
Definition
Systems that deal with the planning, development, and production of products and services and with controlling the flow of the production.
Term
Middle Management
Definition

People in the middle of the organizational hierarchy who are responsible for carrying out the plans and goals of senior management.

Term
Operational Management
Definition
People who monitor the day-to-day activities of the organization.
Term
Portal
Definition
Web interface for presenting integrated personalized content from a variety of sources. Also refers to a Web site service that provides an initial point of entry to the Web.
Term
Production or service workers
Definition
People who actually produce the products or services of the organization.
Term
Programmers
Definition

Highly trained technical specialists who write computer software instructions.

Term
Sales and Marketing Information Systems
Definition

Systems that help the firm identify customers for the firm’s products or services, develop products and services to meet their needs, promote these products and services, sell the products and services, and provide ongoing customer support.

Term
Senior Management
Definition
People occupying the topmost hierarchy in an organization who are responsible for making long-range decisions.
Term
Supply Chain Management Systems (SCM)
Definition

Information systems that automate the flow of information between a firm and its suppliers in order to optimize the planning, sourcing, manufacturing, and delivery of products and services.

Term
Systems analysts
Definition
Specialists who translate business problems and requirements into information requirements and systems, acting as liaison between the information systems department and the rest of the organization.
Term
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Definition
Computerized systems that perform and record the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct the business; they serve the organization’s operational level.
Term
Benchmarking
Definition
Setting strict standards for products, services, or activites and measuring organizational performance against those standards.
Term
Best Practices
Definition
The most successful solutions or problem-solving methods that have been developed by a specific organization or industry.
Term
Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
Definition
The radical redesign of business processes, combing steps to cut waste and eliminating repetitive, paper-intensive tasks in order to improve cost, quality, and service, and to maximize the benefits of information technology
Term
Competitive Forces Model
Definition
Model used to describe the interaction of external influences, specifically threats and opportunities, that affect an organization’s strategy and ability to compete.
Term
Computer-aided Design (CAD) system
Definition
Information system that automates the creation and revision of designs using sophisticated graphics software.
Term
Core competency
Definition
Activity at which a firm excels as a world-class leader
Term
Cycle time
Definition
The total elapsed time from the beginning of a process to its end.
Term
Disruptive Technologies
Definition
Technologies with disruptive impact on industries and businesses, rendering existing products, services and business models obsolete.
Term
Domestic Exporter
Definition
Form of business organization characterized by heavy centralization of corporate activities in the home county of origin
Term

Efficient Customer Response System

Definition

System that directly links consumer behavior back to distribution, production, and supply chains.

Term
Franchiser
Definition
Form of business organization in which a product is created, designed, financed, and initially produced in the home country, but for product-specific reasons relies heavily on foreign personnel for further production, marketing, and human resources
Term
Mass Customization
Definition
The capacity to offer individually tailored products or services on a large scale.
Term
Multinational
Definition
Form of business organization that concentrates financial management and control out of a central home base while decentralizing.
Term
Network economics
Definition
Model of strategic systems at the industry level based on the concept of a network where adding another participant entails zero marginal costs but can create much larger marginal gains.
Term

Primary Activities

Definition
Activities most directly related to the production and distribution of a firm’s products and services.
Term
Quality
Definition
Product or service’s conformance to specifications and standards.
Term
Support Activities
Definition
Activities that make the delivery of a firm’s primary activities possible. Consist of the organization’s infrastructure, human resources, technology, and procurement.
Term
Total Quality Management (TQM)
Definition
A concept that makes quality control a responsibility to be shared by all people in an organization.
Term
Transnational
Definition
Truly global form of business organization where value-added activities are managed from a global perspective without reference to national borders, optimizing sources of supply and demand and local competitive advantage.
Term
Value Chain Model
Definition
Model that highlights the primary or support activities that add a margin of value to a firm’s products or services where information systems can best be applied to achieve a competitive advantage.
Term
Value Web
Definition
Customer-driven network of independent firms who use information technology to coordinate their value chains to collectively produce a product or service for a market.
Term
Virtual Company
Definition
Uses networks to link people, assets, and ideas, enabling it to ally with other companies to create and distribute products and services without being limited by traditional organizational boundaries or physical locations.
Term
Workflow management
Definition

The process of streamlining business procedures so that documents can be moved easily and efficiently from one location to another.

Term
Ajax
Definition
Technology for creating interactive Web applications capable of updating the user interface without reloading the entire browser page.
Term
Application Software
Definition
Programs written for specific application to perform functions specified by end users.
Term
Autonomic Computing
Definition
Effort to develop systems that can manage themselves without user intervention.
Term
C
Definition
A powerful programming language with tight control and efficiency of execution; is portable across different microprocessors and is used primarily with PCs.
Term
Capacity Planning
Definition
The process of predicting when a computer hardware system becomes saturated to ensure that adequate computing resources are available for work of different priorities and that the firm has enough computing power for its current and future needs.
Term
CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory)
Definition
Read-only optical disk storage used for imaging, reference, and database applications with massive amounts of unchanging data and for multimedia.
Term
Centralized Processing
Definition

Processing that is accomplished by one large central computer.

Term

Client

Definition
The user point-of-entry for the required function in client/server computing. Normally a desktop computer, workstation, or laptop computer.
Term
Client/server computing
Definition
A model for computing that splits processing between clients and servers on a network, assigning functions to the machine most able to perform the functions.
Term
Cloud Computing
Definition
Web-based applications that are stored on remote servers and accessed via the “cloud” of the Internet using a standard Web browser.
Term
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
Definition
Major programming language for business applications because it can process large data files with alphanumeric characters.
Term
Data Management Software
Definition

Software used for creating and manipulating lists, creating files and databases to store data, and combining information for reports.

Term
Digital Video Disc (DVD)
Definition
High-capacity optical storage medium that can store full-length videos and large amounts of data.
Term
Distributed Processing
Definition
The distribution of computer processing work among multiple computers linked by a communications network.
Term
Edge Computing
Definition
Method of distributing the computing load (or work) across many layers of Internet computers in order to minimize response time
Term
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Definition
A more powerful and flexible markup language than hypertext markup language (HTML) for Web pages.
Term
Grid Computing
Definition
Applying the resources of many computers in a network to a single problem.
Term
Legacy Systems
Definition
Systems that have been in existence for a long time and that continue to be used to avoid the high cost of replacing or redesigning them.
Term
Linux
Definition
Reliable and compactly designed operating system that is an open-source offshoot of UNIX and that can run on many different hardware platforms and is available free or at very low cost.
Term
Mainframe
Definition
Largest category of computer, used for major business processing.
Term
Mashups
Definition
Composite software applications that depend on high-speed networks, universal communication standards, and open source code and are intended to be greater than the sum of their parts.
Term
Multicore Processor
Definition
Integrated circuit to which two or more processors have been attached for enhanced performance, reduced power consumption and more efficient simultaneous processing of multiple tasks.
Term

Nanotechnology

Definition
Technology that builds structures and processes based on the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules.
Term
Offshore Software Outsourcing
Definition
Outsourcing systems development work or maintenance of existing systems to external vendors in another country.
Term
On-Demand Computing
Definition
Firms off-loading peak demand for computing power to remote, large-scale data processing centers, investing just enough to handle average processing loads and paying for only as much additional computing power as they need. Also called utility computing.
Term
Open-Source Software
Definition
Software that provides free access to its program code, allowing users to modify the program code to make improvements or fix errors.
Term
Operating System
Definition
The system software that manages and controls the activities of the computer.
Term
Outsourcing
Definition
The practice of contracting computer center operations, telecommunications networks, or applications development to external vendors.
Term
Query Languages
Definition
Software tools that provide immediate online answers to requrest for information that are not predefined.
Term
SaaS (Software as a Service)
Definition
Services for delivering and providing access to software remotely as a Web-based service.
Term
Scalability
Definition
The ability of a computer, product, or system to expand to servce a larger number of users without breaking down.
Term
Server
Definition
Computer specifically optimized to provide software and other resources to other computers over a network.
Term
Service Level Agreement (SLA)
Definition
Formal contract between customers and their service providers that defines the specific responsibilities of the service provider and the level of service expected by the customer.
Term
Service-oriented Architecture (SOA)
Definition
 Software architecture of a firm built on a collection of software programs that communicate with each other to perform assigned tasks to create a working software application.
Term
Supercomputer
Definition
Highly sophisticated and powerful computer that can perform very complex computations extremely rapidly.
Term
System Software
Definition
Generalized programs that manage the computer’s resources, such as the central processor, communications links, and peripheral devices.
Term
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
Definition
Designates the total cost of owning technology resources, including initial purchase costs, the cost of hardware and software upgrades, maintenance, technical support, and training.
Term
UNIX
Definition
Operating system for all types of computers, which is machine independent and supports multiuser processing, multitasking, and networking. Used in high-end workstations and servers.
Term
Virtualization
Definition
Presenting a set of computing resources so that they can all be accessed in ways that are not restricted by physical configuration or geographic location.
Term
Visual Programming Language
Definition
Allows users to manipulate graphic or iconic elements to create programs.
Term
Web Browsers
Definition
Easy-to-use software tool for accessing the World Wide Web and the Internet.
Term
Web Hosting Service
Definition
Company with large Web server computers to maintain the Web  sites of fee-paying subscribers.
Term
Web Server
Definition
Software that manages requests for Web pages on the computer where they are stored and that delivers the page to the user’s computers.
Term
Web Services
Definition
Set of universal standards using Internet technology for integrating different applications from different sources without time-consuming customer coding. Used for linking systems of different organizations or for linking disparate systems within the same organization.
Term
Widget
Definition
Small software program that can be added to a Webpage or placed on the desltop to provide additional functionality.
Term
Workstation
Definition
Desktop computer with powerful graphics and mathematical capabilities and the ability to perform several complicated tasks at once.
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