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| Charles Darwin's theory developed in AD 1859, in his book Origin of Species. Darwin theorized that humans evolved from a lower order of animals, such as primates. A change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms over time. |
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deoxyribonucleic acid
The genetic material that severs as a "recipe" for material/cells/organisms.
It's a complex molecule that is structured like a twisted ladder |
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| sections of DNA which serve as "recipes" for the production of specific products |
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| different version of the same gene they create diversity |
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| any changes in the DNA of an individual. * most commonly arise form mistakes made during the reproduction of DNA |
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chemical and or radiation that may cause a mutation
EX. UV radiation, X-rays, Gamma rays, Bromine(gas and peptides), Benzene( solvent and gas) Mercury (comes form coal) |
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Beneficial, benefit an organism in some way.
Neutral, do not help or harm an organism
Harmful, harm an organism in some way often lethal or may make an individual sterile.* The vast majority are harmful! |
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| if a mutation occurs in a sex cell, it may be passed to offspring and spread into a population. Mutations in other cells may affect an individual but cannot be passed to offspring. |
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| population typically have a great deal of genetic diversity even if it is not visible to us. It's from the spread of different mutations within a population, but not through the entire population |
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| how fast mutations spread depends heavily on the reproductive rate of the organism. Example: bacteria vs. zebras. Remember harmful mutation often kill an organism or lessen the likely hood to reproduce |
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| The Theory of Natural Selection |
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| a scientific theory developed by Charles Darwin and covered in "On the Origin of Species in 1859" |
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| being the fittest doesn't necessarily mean being the strongest, fastest, etc |
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| It is the driving force of evolution and natural selection. (Selective pressure is any phenomena which alters the behavior and fitness of living organisms within a given environment.) |
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| describes cases where two (or more) species reciprocally affect each others evolution cases where two (or more) species reciprocally affect each others evolution Example to dry-dig a well, to cold- get heat, disease- treatment |
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| is typically slow and gradual process, so rapid changes in selection pressure can have dramatic effect on population. if a change in selective pressure occurs slowly population usually have time to adapt. Ex: the evolution of co-existing predators and prey |
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| soon to become extinct over all or most of its natural range |
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| likely to become endangered in the near future |
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| when a species is no longer found anywhere on the earth |
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| Local extinction(Florid panther) |
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| when a species is no longer found in a area that it once inhabited, but can still be found in other areas |
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| few members of a species left that it no longer plays it's role in an ecosystem |
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| Mass Extinction(Dinosaur) |
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| any significant rise in the number of species extinction above the background extinction rate |
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| Number of mass extinctions |
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| 5 mass extinctions each of which wiped out between 50% and 95% of the species on earth. We are literally living in the beginning od the 6th mass extinctions |
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| is the sequence of who eats whom in a biological community (an ecosystem) to obtain nutrition. |
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| is organic material made from plants and animals (microorganisms. Biomass contains stored energy from the sun. |
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all the processes by which nutrients are transferred from one organism to another.
(nutrient cycling)
Six ecological services that species provide humans: ________, pollination, pest control, recreation, soil formation and maintenance, climatic regulation. |
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found in the atmosphere, but in this form it is unusable by plants and animals
* Many bacteria can use and convert it to forms that plants use, when organism die and decompose these are converted back into nitrogen gas |
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| cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical form from the environment to organism and then back to the environment |
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| water evaporates from the sea etc. |
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| carbon exist in the atmosphere primarily as carbon dioxide which is produced by animals & fires and release by volcanoes(taken up plants phytoplankton coral)limestone (CaCo2), fossils fuels |
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| large regions such as forests, deserts, and grasslands characterizes by a different climate and specific forms of life,especially vegetation, adapted to it |
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| the movement of species into areas that are not their natural range Ex: LION FISH |
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| several hundred years natural(forest fires) vs. unnatural(global warming)As human population grows the more strain is put on the ecosystem |
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| Food,Fuel,Fiber,Lumber,Medicine |
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| Genetically based changes in the appearance, function and or behavior of organisms through successive generations. |
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| Five ways for extinction to occur: |
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| over hunting/collecting, habitat destruction, pollution, introduction of alien/invasive spp, rapid environmental change |
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| Six ecological services that species provide humans: nutrient cycling, pollination, pest control, soil formation and maintenance, climatic regulation,recreation |
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| organism that feeds on plants or on other producers(detritivore, omnivore, secondary consumer) |
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