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| Uses genetic methodologies in order to study the nature and origins of individual differences in human and animal behavior |
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| Believes individual differences are scientific fact, believes more in spectrum than categories |
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| Founder of differential psychology, behavioral genetics, biometry |
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| Hereditary genius (Galton) |
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| Sons of eminent fathers are also eminent. Close relations have higher rates of eminence |
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| Eminent men pair with eminent women (people with like phenotypes pair together more frequently) |
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| encouraging more "desirable" traits in apopulation |
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| Discouraging/ preventing people with "undesirable" to reproduce,traits in population (Nazis like this) |
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| Proportion of phenotypic variance in a population that can be attributed to genetic variation |
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| Genetic makeup (DNA), what genetic code says, is inherited |
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| Observed characteristic/trait; expressed or observable |
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H^2(Heritability)=Variance(G)+Variance(P)
Ranges from 0-1 (0% to 100%) |
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| Every boy put in a barrel, all treated the same. At age 12, if you took them out, measure IQ, height. What is heritability of each? |
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A population estimate, not an individual measure
Not an indication of how genetically determined or malleable a trait is
Must have variation in population
Estimates change with age, race, SES, different populations |
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Familial similarity across generations
Difficult to parse out genetics and environment since they are shared among family members |
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| we can look at how systematically similar MZ and DZ twins are to see how much more genetics are influential b/c they're all born and raised together born at same time |
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| Genetic influence that makes twins similar |
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| Shared environmental effects (c^2) |
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| Environmental influences that systematically make twins similar |
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| Nonshared environmental effects (e^2) |
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Environmental influences that do not make twins more similar
Eg |
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Definition
1. No assortive mating for trait of interest
(closer relation of parents, more genetically similar for a trait, twins more likely to be genetically similar
2.Equal envioronments assumption
MZ are treated more similarly that DZ twins; violation will inflate heritability estimates, normally effect is very small
3. Twins must be representative of the general population (for particular trait |
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| More like biological parents than adoptive parents (traits) in adulthood except for politics, religions, beliefs, etc |
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| Adopted children assumptions |
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1.Selective Placement
Home of adoptive parents not similar to that of biological parents
2.Representativeness
Adoptive families have higher SES (socioeconomic status) than general population
Slightly less mental health issues |
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Systemic similarities must be due to genetics (different environments)
Similar similarities to twins raised together |
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| Turkheimer's Laws of Behavioral Genetics I |
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| All human traits are heritable |
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| Turkheimer's Laws of Behavioral Genetics II |
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| Effects of being raised in the same family smaller than effects of genes |
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| Turkheimer's Laws of Behavioral Genetics III |
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Substantial proportion of variation in complex human behavioral trait variance is not due to genes or environment
i. Environmental link:being genetically similar to someone makes you more similar to them, but there is more going on
ii.Our reactions to our environments are idiosyncratic
iii. Nonshared environment is very important |
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